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FAMILY NYMPHALID^. 



(Brush-footed Butterflies.) 



This family is divided into three sub-families: — 

 (a) Danain^, (b) Nymphalinae, (c) Satyrinse. 



Family Nymphalidae. 

 Characters — (1) Larva smooth, or at times hairy. 



(2) Pupa usually suspended by the tail. 



(3) Perfect insects, medium or large size; front 

 legs imperfectly developed, so that they are 

 of no use in walking. 



Sub-family Danainae. 

 Characters — (1) Larva smooth, but with fleshy 

 threadlike appendages. 

 (2) Pupa suspended by the tail, metallic mark- 

 ings often present. 

 Waterhouse and Lyell, in ''Butterflies of Austra- 

 lia," thus record of Danainae : — ''The Food Plant 

 AsclepiaSj Aristolochia, and other allied plants that 

 exude a milk-like juice when broken. . . . The habit 

 of the l&vYSd of this sub-family of feeding upon 

 various species of Aristolochia ("dutchman's pipe") 

 and allies seems to have resulted in the transfer- 

 ence to the butterflies of some of the distasteful 

 properties of the food plant. Close observation and 

 experiment have shown the butterflies to be almost 

 immune from the attacks of birds, to whom they 

 are evidently most distasteful. Including even the 



