62 Orthorrhapha brachycera. 



here four triangular teeth or warts, two shorter above and two longer 

 below; on the ventral side of the segment lies the anus; the segment 

 has some longitudinal furrows, On the ventral side of the fifth to 

 eleventh segments there is a low, transverse swelling, lying at the 

 front margin of the segments; the swellings are somewhat divided in 

 the middle, and they are armed with a row of small spines. The 

 prothoracic spiracles are very small, lying near the hind margin of 

 the prothoracic segment; the posterior spiracles lie on the hinder sur- 

 face of the last segment, one at the base of each of the upper warts ; 

 they are also rather small. — The pupa is yellowish; on the front 

 side of the head lie the antennal sheaths, directed downwards, but 

 they are only slightly observable; at the base of them there are four, 

 transversely compressed teeth, with a brown margin, two above and 

 two below, and a little lower down there are two similar teeth; all 

 the teeth are almost connected in the middle; above the upper teeth 

 are a pair of hairs, and at the lowerraost stand also a pair of ap- 

 proximated hairs. Here, as also in Hyroceleuthus, the upper teeth 

 mark in reality the apical margin of the first antennal joint, the 

 lower teeth mark the apical margin of the second joint, and below a 

 weak outline of the third joint and the arista is seen. On the thor- 

 acic disc there are some (8) short hairs, three on each side placed in 

 an oblique line, and a pair quite behind in the middle. On the border 

 between head and thorax there are two long, attenuated and pointed 

 spiracular tubes, which are black in the apical part. On the dorsal 

 side of each of the abdominal segments, except the first, is a trans- 

 verse row of short, somewhat flat, brown spines of unequal length; 

 they are directed backwards. The sheaths of the posterior legs reach 

 to the end of the fifth segment, or longer backwards. On the sides 

 of abdomen are seven pairs of small spiracles. 



The larvæ live in the earth, especially humous earth in woods 

 and on meadows, and they are often found in mole-casts; they may 

 also live in decaying wood in trunks and stubs. It is curious that 

 the earlier observers only speak of the pupa, while none has observed 

 the cocoon. The larvæ I have observed were found in the earth; 

 when the larva is ready for pupating, it forms a cavity in the earth, 

 and this cavity is on the inside covered with some secretion, which 

 makes a film-like layer; thus a more or less oval, earthy cocoon is 

 constituted, the film-like inner layer of which is somewhat solid; in 

 one end the film remains uncovered over a small space, and here it 

 has a small, circular opening, through which the spiracular tubes pro- 

 ject; it thus seems that the cocoon is impenetrable to the air, so 

 that a special opening is needed, and thus the cause of the long 



