34 Orthorrhapha bracliycera. 



terminal spiracles lying on the rounded end of the last segment or 

 slightly more above; below them there is a small tooth or wart. 

 Besides the pupæ described by the authors mentioned I have examined 

 the pupa of B. nigripes; it is dirty yellowish; the head has in front 

 four quadrately placed tubercles, each with a long bristle; the antennal 

 sheaths lie below the front of the head directed obliquely to each 

 side; thorax has some long bristles above; on each of the abdominal 

 dorsal segments there is a transverse row of small, triangular, brownish 

 teeth, directed backwards, and between them are long bristles; the 

 first segment has only bristles. The ventral segments have only 

 bristles and somewhat sparingly. The dorsal bristles are directed 

 backwards, those on the somewhat swoUen sides of the segments 

 are erect. At the apex there are some more or less tuft-like arranged 

 bristles. There are prothoracic and seven pairs of small abdominal 

 spiracles, all protruding process-like. According to Beling there may 

 be a little difference between the male and female pupæ with regard 

 to the head and the apex of abdomen, obviously due to the different 

 shape of these parts in the two sexes of the imago. 



The larvæ live in humous earth in woods especially on humid 

 piaces ; the larva to E. dentipes was found by Beling in a decaying stub 

 of a beech, and Kleine records the larva of B. platyptera from decay- 

 ing stubs of fir. The larvæ are certainly carnivorous. The pupæ are 

 found on the same piaces as the larvæ. The larvæ hibernate and 

 the transformation to pupa and development take place in the fol- 

 io wing spring or summer; thus the autumnal species must live as 

 larvæ during the most part of the summer. 



The species of BhampJiomyia occur for the most part in 

 woods, especially on humid piaces, and on somewhat low piants; 

 some also are seen outside woods, in fens and on meadows. The 

 majority of the species are either spring species or autumn species, 

 occurring respectively in the early spring or in the late summer and 

 autumn; only some few species are seen during the whole summer. 

 Several species are in spring seen hovering in the air higher or lower, 

 especially at water, and sometimes they fly quite low above the 

 water like the species of Hilara. They are carnivorous, feeding on 

 other insects; I have taken B. nigripes with Hilara maura as prey; 

 Poulton records from England, in the work cited above, B. dentipes 

 with Baetis pnmilus Burm. as prey. The species of BhampJiomyia or 

 some of them seem to execute the aet of copulation in the way, that 

 the male catches a prey which it then presents to the female when 

 copulation takes place, such as mentioned below under Empis. Hamm 



