216 Orthorrhapha brachycera. 



have strenger bristles below ; the tibiæ have no distinct apical spurs, 

 There are two claws, two pulvilli, and a long pulvilliform empodium, 

 generally longer than the claws; in Beryenstammia nudipes Loevv the 

 pulvilli and empodium are rudimentary. The wings have the media- 

 stinal vein reaching the margin; the cubital vein is forked and thus 

 two cubital cells; the discai vein likewise forked, thus four posterior 

 cells and the discai cell sending three veins to the margin, the third 

 is the upper branch of the postical vein, which closes the discai cell 

 below; the lower branch of the postical vein somewhat recurrent. 

 The basal cells not large, the second shorter than the flrst; the anal 

 cell as long or almost as long as the second basal cell; the anal 

 vein not reaching beyond the anal cell, or sometimes longer, nearly 

 reaching the margin. The discai cell shorter or longer, sometimes very 

 long and narrow; it is either truncate or pointed outwards. The costa 

 has sometimes somewhat strong bristles. Stigma present or absent. The 

 axillary lobe is very small, almost not developed. Alula vvanting, the 

 wing here fringed at the margin. Alar squamula very small, with long 

 hairs at the margin. 



The developmental stages of Clinocera are, so far as I am aware, 

 hitherto not known. 



The species of Clinocera are easily known among the Empids, as 

 they have a somewhat characteristic exterior. They occur all near 

 water, especially at rapidly flowing streams, some also at stagnant water. 

 I think all species are capable of running on the surface of the water, 

 as Loew states with regard to Cl. 'pusilla, and as I have myself ob- 

 served with regard to Cl. stagnalis. They are also seen flying above 

 the water, and sitting on stones and the like in and near it. The 

 pubescence of the body and the hairiness of the eyes give them great resis- 

 tance against being wet. They are certainly carnivorous, though I am 

 not aware that any direct observation has been made. The genus goes , 

 far towards the north, CL stagnalis is thus found in Greenland, where 

 otherwise of Empids only two species of Rhamphomyia occur. 



It is curious to note, that the species of Clinocera., the species of 

 the Dolichopodid genus Hydropliorus and some species of the Ephydrids, 

 which all live in the same way, and chiefly show the same behaviour, 

 also show great mutual resemblance; the resemblance not only con- 

 cerns the colours, but also the shape of the front legs, and even to 

 some degree the construction of the mouth; certainly some common 

 factor with regard to their way of feeding must be present. The spe- 

 cies of Clinocera may be known at once from the very similar species 

 of Hydropliorus by the confluence in the latter of the discai and 

 second basal cell, and by the shape of the discai cell; also the 



