Pipunculidae. 5 



sides. Legs more or less slender, in some species of Pipiinciiliis the 

 femora somewhat thickened ; hind tibiæ a little curved in the middle 

 and here a httle thickened, and they are somewhat twisted. In 

 Pipunculus the legs are mainly short-haired, the femora nearly nude, 

 but in some species the femora have a distinct or even longish ciliation 

 behind, and moreover all femora, or only the posterior, or sometimes 

 only the middle femora have a double row of small spinules below the 

 apical part or half, and in a few species the hind trochanters have 

 small spines below at base and in the female the anterior femora one 

 or two bristles below at base. In the other genera no such spinules 

 or bristles are present, but the femora have long hairs, the anterior 

 femora behind and the hind femora in front. The tibiæ are short- 

 haired and with the hairs partly in rows along the edges; in Pipunculus 

 the hind tibiæ may have some longer hairs above on the middle, and 

 in VerraUia they have long hairs above in the whole lenght ; the hairs 

 are always shorter in the female than in the male, and in VerraUia 

 there are in this sex no long hairs on hind tibiæ; tibial spurs very slight 

 or not developed. Claws and pulvilli generally large and not rarely 

 larger in the female than in the male. Empodium long, bare and bristle- 

 shaped in Pipunculus^ in the other genera shorter, more spine-like 

 and with hairs below. Wings somewhat to rather long and narrow, 

 especially in Pipunculus \ costa continued to the end of the discai 

 vein; cubital vein unforked and thus one cubital cell; first posterior 

 cell always open, but narrowly as the last part of the discai vein is 

 bending upwards; the discai vein generally unforked, but in a few 

 species forked at the end, the lower branch not reaching the margin; 

 discai cell long and bordered below by the upper branch of the postical 

 vein, in Chalarus the discai cell absent; the medial cross-vein placed 

 at about the first third or fourth of the discai cell, or nearer the middle 

 to beyond it; anal cell long, closed near the margin; axillary vein 

 quite or almost quite absent or in VerraUia and in the male of Chalarus 

 present only as a weak fold. No real stigma present, but in many 

 species the tip of the mediastinal cell is coloured, in others not; the 

 third costal segment (the segment between the tip of the mediastinal 

 and subcostal veins) varies from much shorter to much longer than 

 the fourth segment. The axillary lobe is not developed in Pipunculus 

 and the female of Chalarus, but present in the male of Chalarus and 

 in VerraUia; almost no alula present in Pipunculus and Chalarus, 

 in VerraUia a small one. Squamulæ small, the thoracic almost only 

 consisting of frenulum, the alar squamula a little broader, fmely 



