6 Pipunculidae. 



haired at the margin; the angulus somewhat protruding. In rest the 

 wings lie flat over abdomen. 



As seen the venation of the wings is of the Muscid type and it is 

 much like that in Syrphidae, but it difTers by the invariably open first 

 posterior cell, as well as by the want of vena spuria. 



The two sexes in the Pipunculidae are, the genital differences 

 not considered, not rarely of a somewhat different aspect, caused by 

 a different pruinosity of thorax and especially of abdomen, this 

 latter being in several species much more shining in the female than 

 in the male or coloured in another way; f urther the third antennal 

 joint is often more pointed or longer rostrate in the female than in 

 the male, and the wings are relatively shorter and more rounded at 

 apex in the female; this latter faet influences the length of the costal 

 segments, so that especially the third costal segment in comparison 

 with the fourth is as a rule shorter in the female than in the male. 



The developmental stages are somewhat known, but only few 

 larvæ have been described and solely of the genus Pipunculus, thougli 

 the habits of Chalarus and partly of Verrallia are known. The larva 

 is elliptic, a little flattened, whitish and consists of twelve segments, 

 the head included; the surface is transversely corrugated but other- 

 wise smooth, only fmely shagreened, rarely (xanthocerus) spinose; 

 the transverse furrows divide the segments more or less distinctly 

 into three corrugations, and on the middle or posterior corrugation 

 there seems to be some (8) sensory organs or papillæ looking like 

 circular or oval circlets (Boheman, de Meijere). The head bears the 

 small, one-jointed antennæ in connection with the maxillary palpi, 

 and the mouth is armed with two hooks; the anterior spiracles lie 

 at the front end of prothorax; the last segment bears at the end above 

 a dark, chitinized, oval, or more transverse plate with the posterior 

 spiracles lying separated, one at each side of the plate; below the 

 plate is the anus. The puparium is reddish or blackish, more or less 

 oval, rounded at the ends; the anterior spiracular tubes are short, 

 a little curved and directed a little forwards, they seem to protrude 

 between the first and second abdominal segments (according to de 

 Meijere's figures in Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 40, 1916, Taf. II, Fig. 143—145); 

 at the posterior end the spiracular plate is present as in the larva; 

 just at the front end the prothoracic larval spiracles are visible. The 

 surface shows as usual the larval organs and corrugations more or 

 less distinctly, it is sometimes almost quite smooth, in other species 

 distinctly corrugate and with rows of depressions along the sides. — 



