Pipunculidae. 7 



The opening of the puparium by the emerging of the imago is rather 

 interesting, it differs from that in the Syrphidae^ where two pieces, 

 both dorsal, are detached, as well as from that in the Muscidae, where 

 a dorsal and a ventral plate are detached by a rupture near the front 

 margin of the first abdominal segment, so that the spiraciilar tubes, 

 which protrude through the first abdominal segment more backwards, 

 remain on the puparium. The opening is described by de Meijere 

 1. c. and I can fully confirm his observations. In Pipunculiis two 

 pieces are detached, a dorsal and a ventral one; the vertical rupture 

 is all round situated in the second abdominal segment near the front 

 margin; the two piates are divided by a horizontal rupture in such a 

 way that the upper plate consists only of the dorsal parts of the 

 first abdominal segment and the narrow margin of the second, the 

 lower plate includes head, all three thoracic segments and the ventral 

 parts of the two abdominal segments; the anterior spiracular tubes 

 evidently protrude between the first and second abdominal segments 

 and are found on the detached dorsal plate near the hind margin. 

 In Chalariis and Verrallia we now find, that the piates, which are 

 detached ofT, include the same parts, viz all the anterior segments 

 to just behind the front margin of the second abdominal segment, 

 but the piates are here again subdivided, the upper into three, the 

 lower into two pieces; the lower plate is divided into a lower semi- 

 circular part, including most of prothorax and the ventral parts of 

 the other thoracic and of the abdominal segments to the vertical 

 rupture, and an upper median part, including the rest of prothorax 

 and the dorsal parts of the other two thoracic segments; the upper 

 plate, which consists only of first abdominal segment and the front 

 margin of second, has its lateral parts separated off as two small 

 lateral piates, one to each side of the median plate; there are thus in 

 all five pieces detached, but comprising the same parts as occupied 

 by the two piates detached in Pipunculiis. The anterior spiracular 

 tubes also here protrude between first and second abdominal segments, 

 and they protrude just in the ruptures between the upper plate 

 and the lateral piates and are therefore not seen on any of the detached 

 pieces, but remain sitting on the delicate pupal skin in the puparium. 

 A comparison with Pipunculus shows that the upper plate and the 

 small lateral parts in Chalarus answer to the upper plate in Pipun- 

 culus; this is also seen from the place of the anterior spiracular tubes; 

 the lower plate and the median plate above it likewise answer to the 



