16 Pipunculidae. 



other longish hairs on the femora; all femora or only the posterior, 

 or sometimes only middle femora have double rows of small spinules 

 below the apical part or half. In some species the hind trochanters 

 are armed below at the base with small spines in both sexes, and in 

 the female the anterior femora armed with a couple of bristles below 

 at base; the tibiæ are short-haired and with the hairs partly arranged 

 in longitudinal rows along the edges, sometimes the hind tibiæ have 

 some longer hairs, especially about the middle; there are no or only 

 slight apical spurs. Claws and pulvilli are large, and in several species 

 larger in the female than in the male, the claws are yellow with black 

 apex; empodium bristle-shaped, bare. Wings long and narrow, alula 

 so much reduced that it is practically absent, axillary lobe not devel- 

 oped, though the margin here is different in the different species and 

 sometimes tends towards forming an axillary lobe, and then a w^ak 

 axillary fold also may be indicated; the apical part of the mediastinal 

 cell coloured or not (in the descriptions given as stigma present or 

 absent); medial cross-vein placed at about the first third of the discai 

 cell or nearer the middle to beyond it, discai vein unforked, rarely 

 forked {furcatus, non- Danish). 



The developmental stages are somewhat known; the species are 

 parasitic on Homoptera; Perkins records (Rep. of work of the Exper. 

 Stat. of the Hawaiian Sugar planters Ass. Bull. 1, Part IV, 1905) a 

 large number of bred Australian and Hawaiian species; the author 

 gives a list of the literature, to which I refer. Further Scott (Ent. 

 Month. Mag. 2, XIX, 1908, 9) bred P. melanostolus from a pupa, de 

 Meijere (Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 40, 1916, 234) describes two undetermined 

 larvæ, and Haupt (Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Insektenbiol. XII, 1916, 

 275) records that he has found Homoptera^ most often species of 

 Deltocephalus, from which Pipunculid larvæ evidently had gone out. 

 The larvæ afTect both Cercopidae, Jassidae and Fiilgoridae and nymphs 

 as well as imagines; whether the same species of Pipunculus attacks 

 Homoptera of different families is not known, but Perkins thinks it 

 probable, and at all events it is known, that the same species of 

 Pipunculus may attack very different species of Homoptera within 

 the same family. Of European species P. fuscipes was bred by Boheman 

 from Thamnotettix virescens^ Ott bred P. xanthocerus from a pupa 

 sitting on a Ribes in spring, and Mik mentions a Pipunculus larva in 

 Grypotes puncticollis, and fmally Scott bred, as mentioned, P. mela- 

 nostolus from a pupa found in rotten wood. I possess myself P. ater, 

 haemorrhoidalis and xanthopus bred from pupæ, and I have also 



