Pipunculus. 17 



examined a puparium of fuscipes and of nigritiiliis; the pupæ were in 

 all cases found in spring in flood refuse. According to the descriptions 

 the larva is whitish, elliptical, a little flattened, and pointed in front; 

 the dermis is transversely corriigated, so that eachi segment is sub- 

 divided into three corrugations, but otherwise the surface is rather 

 smooth; the head bears small, one-jointed antennæ and connected 

 with these maxillary palpi as usual in cyclorrhaphous larvæ; the 

 mouth has the usual two hooks; the anterior spiracles lie at the front 

 margin of prothorax ; at the end of the last segment above is a gener- 

 ally dark plate of various shape which bears the posterior spiracles, 

 these latter lie always more or less separated at each lateral corner 

 of the plate; below the spiracular plate the anal opening is found; 

 the larva consists of twelve segments including the head. The puparium 

 is of a reddish or dark brown colour and of a more or less oval shape, 

 rounded at each end, and sometimes slightly flattened on the ventral 

 side; the anterior spiracular tubes are small and short, generally 

 curved forwards, the posterior spiracular plate is seen as in the larva; 

 in some respects the puparia seem to be different, thus, according to 

 the figures by Perkins, the posterior spiracular area may be more or 

 less deeply impressed with one to three tubercles at each side. In 

 one of Perkins' species (cinerascens) the puparium has on the place 

 for the anterior spiracles tw^o large and thick processes belonging to 

 the puparial wall and through the ends of which the small spiracular 

 tubes protrude. The puparium of lanthoceriis is likewise curious, it 

 is described by Ott as richly covered with hairy spines, so that he 

 compares it with a Hispa, and consequently also the larva must be 

 spinose. Also otherwise the puparia may be various as regards the 

 surface, this being either almost quite smooth or somewhat sculptured. 

 Of the puparia I have examined myself that of fuscipes quite agrees 

 with the description and figure by Boheman (Ofvers. Kgl. Vet. Akad. 

 Forh. 11, 1854, 305, Taf. V, figs. 6 — 8), it is reddish, oval with rounded 

 ends and slightly corrugated, the spiracular plate distinctly shows 

 the two small prolongations upwards figured by Boheman, the anterior 

 spiracular tubes are yellow, curved forwards; the puparium of ater 

 is reddish, quite oval with rounded ends, the surface is nearly smooth, 

 only very fmely shagreened; the posterior spiracular area is not im- 

 pressed, small, narrowly oval with the spiracles at each side, in the 

 middle are two small, darker spots above and a larger, black spot 

 below (about as in de Meijere 1. c. fig. 139); the puparium of haemor- 

 rhoidalis is more cylindrical, almost black, the surface is fmely sha- 



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