EXTERNAL ANATOMY 27 



familj^ Coccidae minute microscopic openings through which the 

 wax is poured. These openings vary greatly in form and 

 arrangement, are sometimes borne on minute projections, and are 

 known as cerores. They are also known as pores, glandular pores, 

 wax pores, or spinnerets. The cerores are sometimes borne on 

 minute projections of the cuticle and for this reason have been 

 considered as appendages of the cuticle. 



The simplest and probably the primitive type of ceroris is one 

 that consists of a single opening and in which the periphery is 

 flush with the ectal surface of the cuticle. Such cerores are present 

 in the Coccinae and Eriococcinae. The great majority of the 

 cerores in the Ortheziinae are at the ends of seta-like prolongations 

 of the cuticle. This cuticular extension, which lacks a calyx, has 

 its opening in the free end and is a pilaceroris. One of the 

 commonest types of ceroris is where there are six openings arranged 

 in a circle around the periphery of a central circular area. These 

 are known as paracerores. The cerores located in the rectum, the 

 anacerores, are also known as rectal wax pores, rectal spinnerets, 

 or honey dew glands. The powdery wax in most species of 

 Pseudococcus is poured out through cerores that are triangular in 

 outline, the tricerores, and contain numerous irregularly 

 arranged pores. In the Asterolecaniinae the cerores are arranged 

 in pairs with their adjacent margins usually flattened so that they 

 form a figure 8. These are the octacerores. The opening or 

 openings of each ceroris through which the wax is poured is an 

 oraceroris. 



In the Diaspidinae the openings through which the 

 wax is poured are generally designated as wax pores or spinnerets. 

 These openings are the external outlets of invaginated cuticular 

 tubes and are not homologous with the cerores. The tubes are 

 known as ceratubae and their external openings as oraceratubae. 

 The ceratubae are not confined to the Diaspidinae, but have been 

 observed in species of Lecaniinae, Kermesiinae, Eriococcinae, and 

 Asterolecaniinae. They will probably be found in some of the 

 other subfamilies. So far as observed, the ceratubae of each sub- 

 family are distinctive in form. They are difficult to observe in 

 unstained specimens. 



Segmentation. — The cuticle is divided by transverse constric- 

 tions, coriae, into three well marked regions, the head, the thorax, 

 and the abdomen. The segmentation of the head is lost during 

 embryonic development, but the three segments of the thorax and 

 the eight or more segments of the abdomen can usually be 



