82 THE COCCIDAE 



attach themselves. The yoimg nymph works its way in between 

 tlie hiyers of bark or enters a lentieel or breathing pore. The 

 insect by its growth and the excretion of wax causes the layers of 

 bark to separate and curl, producing areas where the bark is 

 roughened and covered with splits and curls. The bark also in its 

 growth surrounds the body of the coccid forming a cavity in which 

 it rests. 



The bod}' of the first stage nymph is more or less depressed, 

 without tubercles, without an anal ring, but with the caudal 

 abdominal segment, the ninth, a short transverse tubercle-like 

 projection. The caudal abdominal segments are never campanulate 

 as is characteristic of these segments of many coccids. There is a 

 row of large cerores, varying in number in the different species, 

 on the ventro-meson. The females and males are similar during 

 the first nymphal stage but quite different during the other 

 nymphal stages and for this reason they will be considered sep- 

 arately. The nj'mphs are provided Avith prominent legs, rostrum, 

 rostralis, and anteiniae of six segments each. 



The females at the first molt loose their legs and antennae, 

 but retain their mouth-parts. The body is somewhat depressed 

 and sack-like. There are two other molts producing two other 

 nymphal stages, four in all. The nj^mphs differ in general appear- 

 ance only in being successively larger. The insect, since it has no 

 legs and also because of its location, is stationary during these 

 stages. Tlie fourth molt produces an adult female which is pro- 

 vided with distinct nine-segmented antennae and legs. The 

 rostrum and rostralis are lost at this molt so that the insect is 

 unable to feed. Ferris calls attention to the fact that in certain 

 individuals of macrocarpae a complete series can be shown of 

 practically every stage from a complete absence of mouth-parts to 

 mouth-parts which are apparently functional. He does not specify 

 whether it is only the rostrum or labium that is present or both 

 rostralis and rostrum. There is a striking difference in this con- 

 dition as the rostralis must be present in order that the insect can 

 procure food. The body of the adult female is distinctly segmented 

 and the two ends are more or less truncated. The insect is now 

 able, if it desires, to leave its cavitj' in the bark and to wander 

 about which it sometimes does. But it is ordinarily so deeply 

 buried in the bark that it is unable to leave its cell and in fact 

 does not entirely free itself from the cast cuticle of the fourth 

 nym]ilial stage. In such cases the caudal end of the molted cuticle 



