SUBFAMILY LECANIINAE 167 



glassy, test of wax. This test is formed toward the close of the 

 second nymphal stage. It is divided into a series of symmetrically 

 arranged areas by a series of raised or thickened lines. The num- 

 ber of these areas varies from six to nineteen. A common type of 

 the naked lecaniids is to have two elongate mesal or dorsal areas, a 

 cephalic marginal area, and about three lateral marginal areas on 

 each side, or nine areas in all. The males of many genera are 

 unknown. In the genus Cryptes the cocoon is felted, while in 

 Ericerus, a Chinese species, the males are gregarious and envelope 

 themselves in a mass of wax, which is of such amount that it was 

 collected and used for the making of candles before the introduc- 

 tion of paraffin candles. The third nymphal stage of the male is 

 passed under the cocoon. The developing legs and antennae of 

 the adult are prominent. The second and third exuviae are shed 

 while under the cocoon. They are pushed out, when cast, from 

 beneath the posterior extremity. 



The adult males are similar to those described in previous 

 subfamilies so far as their general form is concerned. There is 

 considerable variation among the various species as to the number 

 of ocellanae present. Newstead figures the facets of twelve simple 

 eyes in Lichtensia, eight in Vinsonia, and six in Pulvinaria. The 

 caudal pair of the dorsal aspect are probably ocelli and the others 

 are ocellanae. The caudal end of the body may bear a pair of 

 conspicuous thread-like filaments of wax which are wanting in 

 same genera. The stylus is generally a long straight tube. 



GENERA OF LECANIINAE 



a. Body of adult female not naked, always forming or attached to or 

 encased in distinct mass of wax of varying form and consistency or 

 body covered by thin film of opaque or glassy wax; abdomen of adult 

 female sometimes v/ith segmentation clearly indicated, 

 b. Wax excreted by adult female doughy or cottony, situated be- 

 neath or behind or entirely enclosing body, body never covered 

 with thin film of wax; abdomen of adult female sometimes with 

 segmentation clearly indicated. 



c. Body of adult female more or less enclosed, frequently entirely 

 enclosed in cottony or felted ovisac, wax rarely limited in great 

 part to dorsal aspect; abdomen of adult female sometimes with 

 segmentation clearly indicated, 

 d. Antennae of adult female consisting of eight segments. 



e. Mesothoracic and metathoracic legs much longer than 

 prothoracic, tarsi of latter secondarily divided into two 

 segments; antennae of first stage nymphs consisting of 



