SUBFAMILY LECANIINAE 181 



bb. Opercula with outer margins subequal in length with basil mar- 

 gins, outer angle not rounded, but angulate, fringe setae in trans- 

 verse row. — Europe, United States, Mexico, West Indies, Brazil, 



Australia, etc. on ferns. Oleander, Camellia, etc 



hemisphaericum Targ. 



aa. Fringe setae four in number; opercula with outer and basal mar- 

 gins subequal, outer angle angulate, fringe setae in transverse row. — 



Europe, United States, Australia, Jamaica, etc. on ferns 



filicum Bdv. 



Platysaissetia Ckll. — A single species, castilloae Ckll., from 

 Mexico on Castilloa is included. 



Cryptes Mask. — There is a single Australian species, baccatus 

 Mask., occuring on several species of Acacia. 



Hemilecanium Newst. — Two species, imbricans Green from West 

 Africa on Theobroma and from India on Ficus and recurvatum Newst. 

 from Upper Congo, Africa from hollow stems of Plectronia, are included. 



Eucalymnatus Ckll. — A genus containing the following four 

 species: — brunfelsiae Hemp, from Brazil on Brunfelsia, Laurus; gracilis 

 Hemp, from Brazil on Sapindaceae; perforatus Newst. from England, 

 Australia, Hawaiian Islands, Florida, Iowa, Colorado, California; and 

 tesselatus Sign, from England, France, Australia, Mauritius, Hawaiian 

 Islands, Ceylon, Jamaica on Laurus, Sapindus, lignum vitae, palms, 

 ferns, etc. 



Paralecanium Ckll. — This genus contains seven species, one, 

 marianum Ckll. from Brazil, and the others from Australia, Ceylon, and 

 China. 



Ericerus Westw. — This genus includes the single species, pe-la 

 Westw., which is a native of China and Japan where it feeds upon Lig- 

 astrum, Rhus, Hibiscus, and Fraxinus. The adult females are collected 

 by the Chinese and raised in order to secure the males in large numbers, 

 which produce a considerable quantity of wax. This is collected in 

 June and mixed with tallow and used in the preparation of candles 

 which are burned in the sanctuaries. The Chinese not only cultivate 

 the plants upon which the females are grown but transport them a long 

 distance through dangerous mountain passes from Western China to 

 the regions where the wax is produced. The pure wax is clear white 

 in color like the best quality of paraffin and very hard, but not brittle. 

 The wax harvested each year by the Chinese, according to Sassaki, is 

 worth over two hundred thousand dollars. Paraffin candles are used at 

 the present time instead of the candles made from the coccid wax, ex- 

 cept on very state occasions. 



Houardia Marrhal. — A single species, troglodytes Marchal. from 

 Senegal, Africa, is found in the galleries in the branches of Balanites 

 where they are attended by ants. 



Toumeyella Ckll. — This genus contains the following species: 

 magnoliarum Ckll. from California, Ohio on Magnola, Daphne, Virginia 

 creeper; mirabilis Ckll. from Arizona, Mexico on Mesquite; parvicornis 

 Ckll. from Florida on pine; pini King from Canada, New York on pine; 

 quadrifasciata Ckll. from New Mexico on Robinia; sonorensis Ckll. & 



