SUBFAMILY APIOMORPHINAE 201 



in size and form and in the case of certain species, as with all 

 gall forming groups, there is some variation between the individ- 

 uals of the same species. The difference in the form of the various 

 galls serves as one of the easiest methods of identifying the differ- 

 ent species. 



The galls of the males are short cylindrical tubes. Some are 

 simple tubes with a notched rim at the free end or with the rim 

 dilated forming a saucer-like tip. While the male galls are gen- 

 erally attached to the leaves, in a few species they are attached 

 to the gall of the female. 



The nymphs of the first stage are quite similar in appearance. 

 They are bright or pale red or yellow in color. The body is flat 

 or depressed, and elliptical or broad oval or almost round in outline. 

 The legs are long and well developed in Apiomorpha, normal in 

 form, bear several setae and a pair of digitules. In Opisthoscelis 

 the prothoracic legs are wanting and the mesothoracic legs are 

 rudimentary and the metathoracis legs are long and distinct. The 

 antennae are slender and consist of three to seven segments. The 

 single ocellana on each side of the head is large and prominent, 

 and brownish red in color. The periphery of the body is distinctly 

 margined or fringed with minute alate setae or scales, similar in 

 size to the marginal scales of certain lecaniids, but differing from 

 them in form in that their distal ends are truncate. Fuller de- 

 scribes the scales as stout alate spines, the wings of which are thin 

 and transparent and soon broken. This would suggest that the 

 wings might be wax excreted from marginal cerores supported by 

 a seta as a central matrix. The scales are apparently limited to 

 the head in Opisthoscelis. Froggatt in describing the nymphs of 

 Ascelis and Opisthoscelis states that their tarsi are each provided 

 with two claws, which is a very unusual number for the members 

 of this family, and is evidently an error. The first stage nymphs 

 are provided with an anal ring with anal ring setae, but the num- 

 ber of anal ring setae is not stated, it is probably six. The male 

 nymphs differ from the female nymphs according to Froggatt only 

 in being more elongate. 



The female apiomorphids molt twice. The nymphs of the 

 second stage are very different in appearance from those of the 

 first. The body is broadest through the mesothorax, the two 

 lateral margins converge cephalad and caudad from this region. 

 The segmentation is distinct, but the margins have lost their 

 marginal rim and their fringe of flattened scales. The antennae 



