SUBFAMILY CYLINDROCOCCINAE 209 



species and this region is distinctly separated from the meso- 

 thorax. The segmentation of the thorax and abdomen is usually- 

 distinct in these species, but in the wax forming species it is 

 generally completely effaced, frequently indicated only by the 

 marginal setae. In many coccids there is a definite number of 

 setae or cerores or groups of cerores along each lateral half of the 

 body. This is illustrated by the cerari found in many eriococcids. 

 The number of setae or cerores varies somewhat with the species, 

 usually the number is about eighteen, of which the first four of 

 each side belong to the head, two to each thoracic segment, and 

 one to each abdominal segment. The number may be slightly 

 increased or decreased, or the number may be doubled, twenty- 

 eight on each side. While the antennae and legs and all indication 

 of the intersegmental coriae may be wanting, the extent of the 

 various segments of the body can be closely approximated by a 

 study of the number and arrangement of the marginal setae or 

 other marginal structures that may be present. 



The antennae of the adult female, even when present, is greatly 

 reduced and consists of only a few segments, always less than 

 seven, according to Maskell. The legs like the antennae are 

 greatly modified. They are frequently wanting and when all are 

 present, one pair is much larger than the others. The thoracic 

 spiracles although not described or figured for all the species are 

 itndoubtedly present and located on the ventral aspect. The 

 abdomen is elongate in the gall forming species but is very short 

 in some of the species that are covered with wax. Abdominal 

 spiracles are not recorded as present in any of the species and the 

 anal ring and anal ring setae are also wanting. 



The nymphs of the first stage, where known, are elongate, 

 ovate in outline and resemble very much the first stage nymphs 

 of the eriococcids. The segmentation is indicated, the ocellanae 

 are present, the antennae are long and slender and consist of six 

 segments, and the legs are long and typical in form. The caudal 

 end of the body may bear anal lobes, which are distinct or may be 

 wanting. The anal setae are also frequently present. The dorsal 

 aspect of the body may bear six longitudinal rows of setae, known 

 as dorsal setae, or transverse rows of ten setae each or the setae 

 may be very small and not arranged in rows or they may be 

 wanting. The anal ring so far as indicated is always wanting. It 

 needs more careful study than has been given it thus far in this 

 group. 



