246 THE COCCIDAE 



It may be elongate, over three times as long as broad ; ovate, not 

 quite twice as long as wide; or circular or subcircular. The 

 exuvia overlap and are placed at one end or project beyond the 

 periphery of the circular or subcircular scales. In the ovate 

 scales the second exuvia is very large in comparison to the ex- 

 tent of the wax and forms the greater part of the scale. In the 

 elongate and circular scales the area of wax is two or more 

 times the area covered by the exuviae. The wax of the scale is 

 thin and delicate and usually not strongly colored. The exuviae 

 in a few species are black. 



The scale of the male is elongate, two or more times as long 

 as broad with the sides nearly straight and subparallel. The 

 single exuvia is attached at one end and the area of wax is much 

 greater than the area covered by the exuvia. The scale is similar 

 in color to that of the female and its exuvia is sometimes black. 



The name of fringed scales is derived from the characteristic 

 appearance of the pygidial fringe of many species, which consists 

 of a continuous margin of lobes and large distapectinae. Equally 

 conspicuous are the large altaceratubae with their oraceratubae 

 located near the proximal ends of the pectinae. The cephalic 

 limits of the pygidium are usually not distinct and there is a 

 gradual mergence of the segments of the preabdoraen and pygi- 

 dium. This is still more striking in the nymphal stages of the 

 female. The dorsal aspect bears numerous brevaceratubae, but 

 they are promiscuously distributed and offer no indication as to 

 the segmentation of the pygidium. There are typically three 

 pairs of lobes present, but this number may be reduced in some 

 species w^hile as many as five pairs can be identified in others. 

 This arises fom the fact that in some species the cephalic pairs 

 of lobes are not sharply different in form from the pectinae, in 

 others they are distinctly bluntly or pointedly rounded at the 

 distal end and are lobe-like and not pectinae-like in shape. The 

 pectinae are generally broad and quite constant in number, two 

 in the median incisura, two in each second incisura, three in 

 each third incisura, three in each fourth incisura, and three or 

 four in each of the other incisurae. There are slender lamacera- 

 tubae extending through the pectinae. The gcnacerores are 

 wanting in all of the adult females enclosed in a puparium, while 

 there are four or five groups in the species of other genera. The 

 mesogenacerores are frequently wanting and when present con- 

 sist of only a few cerores, usually less than eight. There is con- 

 siderable variation in the number of cerores in the groups of 



