140 Oithoirhapha biacliyceia. 



two apical spnrs; the front tarsi have, as in Atherix. some delicate 

 hairs on the under side. The wings are long and hroad; the anal ceil 



Fig. 43. Wing of L. tringaria. 



open. Squaniulæ distinctiy fringed at the margin with twD fringes, 

 turned more or less distinctiy up and down. 



The larvæ of several species have been described by Bouché 

 (Naturgesch. derlns. 1834, 44, Tab. IV, Fig. 11— 15) and Beling (Archiv 

 fur Naturgesch. Jahrg. 41, 1875, 48—52, and Jahrg. 48, 188:2, 190-93.) 

 They are elongated, nearly cylindrieal, of white or yellowish colour, 

 with some brown fieids and spots on the dorsal surface of tho two 

 firsl thoracic segments. The body consisls of twelve segments. The 

 mouth parts consists of a median labrum, rather strong mandibles, 

 which are hookformed, truncate at the ends and somewhat diverging, 

 and maxillæ which are somewhat scaleformed and less chitinised, with 

 two-jointed palpi. There are two-jointed antennæ, sitting on a spined 

 piece. The abdominal segments have each a transverse, furrowed 

 swelling on the ventral surface at the anterior margin. The last seg- 

 ment terminates in four, conical, pointed warts. The larva is amphi- 

 pneustic with small prothoracic spiracles and a pair of larger ones 

 on the last segment between the warts. — The pupa has the antennal 

 sheaths lying on the under side of the head, directed to each side; 

 the sheaths of the wings and legs reach to the posterior margin of 

 the second abdominal segment. There is a pair of small, round pro- 

 thoracic and seven pairs of somewhat protruding abdominal spiracles. 

 The abdominal segments have each, except the first, at the hind 

 margin a girdle of sliort, strong spines, these being shortest on the 

 ventral side; on the dorsal side there is a pair of stronger spines in 

 the middle of the segments; the last segment terminates in six conical 

 spines, four in a curved line above and two below. 



The larvæ live in the earth, they are carnivorous and devour 

 other larvæ or penetrate into beetles which they devour; they also 

 feed on earth-worms as stated by Marchal with regard to L. tringaria 

 (Hull. de la Soc. Ent. de Fr. 11103, 233). They hibernate and the trans- 

 formation to pupæ and development of the imago take place in the 

 foUowing summer. 



