28 



JOURNAL OF HOBTICULTUKE AND COTTAGE GARDENEE. 



[ J«l7 10, 1873. 



soak it well iu a strong solution of saltpetre ; then thoroughly 

 diy it, roll up iu it 1 oz. of common tobacco, and place 

 the roll on a flower-pot turned upside down. Set fire to it at 

 one end, leave it to burn, of course shutting the house up 

 first. Do not roll the paper up too tightly. — F. W. H. 



NOTES AND GLEANINGS. 

 If there is one place more unUkely than any other in 

 London where gardening would be pursued, it is in the dome 

 of St. Paul's Cathedral, yet there, at an elevation of some- 

 where about 200 feet, we saw one of the officials tending his 

 four small pots, the tenants of which were a Fuchsia, a Gera- 

 nium, and two Musk plants. They were to him during his 

 solitary door-keeping what the little weed which sprang up 

 between the cell's pavement stones was to the prisouei — some- 

 thing to hope about and to benefit. 



The thh'tieth Anniversary Meeting of the Gardeners' 



EoYAL Benevolent Institution was held at the London 

 Tavern, Bishopsgate Street, on the 2ud inst.. Lord Henry 

 Gordon Lennox, M.P., in the chair. Many leading horticul- 

 turists were present, including Mr. Alfred Smee, Mr. T. Moore, 

 Mr. Marnock, Mr. J. Lee, Mr. B. S. Williams, Mr. ,T. Gutbush.and 

 Mr. Andrew Henderson ; and the eloquent appeal of the Chair- 

 man was responded to by subscriptions amounting to upwards 

 of £400. As usual, the room was decorated with plants from 

 the estabUshments of Messrs. Veitch, WilUams, Lee.Kollisson, 

 and others. 



The employes of Messrs. James Carter & Co. played 



their annual game of Cricket on the 29th of June. Those 

 of the wholesale department were defeated by their brethren 

 in the retail department. 



A H0RTI0ULTOR4I. exhibition in aid of the funds of the 



Walsall Cotiaoe Hospital — intended to be the first of a 

 series of annual fotes for the same laudable object — will, by 

 the kind permission of Mr. W. H. Duignan, be held iu the 

 grounds of llushall Hall, on the Cth and 7th of August. The 

 prize List has just been issued, and is sufficiently comprehensive 

 to give promise of a large and interesting display. The first 

 division applies to cottagers only — that is to say, " persons 

 not possessing a greenhouse, cultivating their own gardens, 

 and not paying income-tax," to whom wiU be appropriated 

 prizes for window plants ; for cut flowers — namely. Dahlias, 

 Boses, Asters, Marigolds, Hollyhocks (six blooms of each), and 

 Pansies (twelve blooms) ; for collections of wild flowers made 

 by children ; for collections as well as single dishes of fruit ; 

 and for vegetables. The second division is for amateurs and 

 professional gardeners ; first prizes varying iu amount from 

 £1 to 5s., and second prizes varying from lO.s-. to 3.';. Cd., being 

 set down for stove, greenhouse, and bedding plants. In a third 

 class for cut flowers prizes are respectively offered for twelve 

 Eoses (distinct), six Carnations, sis Pico tees, twelve Pansies, 

 twelve Dahlias, six ditto, twelve GladioU, Verbenas, six varie- 

 ties (one truss each), twelve varieties of Hollyhocks, twelve 

 China Asters, twelve French Marigolds, twelve African Mari- 

 golds, six varieties of Phlox, three ditto, six spikes of Stocks, 

 vases or groups, bridal bouquets, hand bouquets, designs for 

 table decoration, and collections of wild flowers made by 

 children. There is likewise a fourth class for Pines, Melons, 

 Grapes, Gooseberries, Raspberries, Currants, Cherries, Peaches, 

 Nectarines, Apricots, Plnms, Apples, Pears, Cucumbers, collec- 

 tions of fruit, collections of vegetables, and salads. The 

 Honorary Secretaries are Mr. W. Bayliss, Wednesbury Road, 

 Walsall, and the Rev. F. G. Littlecot, Bushall Vicarage, to 

 whom applications for schedules or information should be 

 forthwith made. 



The eighteenth and last volume of " Pbodkomos," tho 



great work on which three generations of the De Candolle 

 family have been engaged for half a century, aided by the most 

 eminent botanists all over the world, will shortly be published. 

 Altogether the work will contain descriptions of about .59,000 

 species of plants, exclusive of Monocotyledons, to which it is 

 not intended to extend it. 



PRErARATioNs are now being made for heating the 



whole of the forcing houses, &c., now in course of erection in 

 the new gardens at Hatfield Park, Herts, the seat of the Mar- 

 quis of Salisbury, on Cowan's Compenkatinci System, which 

 consists in the combination of a lime-kiln and hot-water 

 apparatus. A new kind of boiler is in course of manufacture 

 expressly for the occasion. We believe Mr. Bennett had at 

 one time decided to use either the Witley Court or Gold- 



medal boiler, but wishing to give Mr. Cowan every possible 

 chance of success, a boiler invented by the latter will be 

 used. 



We regret to have to record the death of Mb. J. A. 



Gordon, Superintendent of the grounds at the Crystal Palace, 

 a post which he filled with great credit during the last twenty- 

 one years. He had long been suffering from consumption, 

 which terminated his life on Midsummer-day. He was in his 

 forty-sixth year. Mr. H. Oclee, for upwards of twenty years 

 gardener to the Earl of Essex, at Cashiobury Park, also died 

 ou June 23rd, aged fifty-six. 



Wb are glad to announce the publication, at the office 



of this Journal, of a thibp edition of Mr. Pearson's " Vine 

 Culture under Glass." This valuable Uttle treatise has been 

 revised by the author, who has made additions both to the 

 letter- press and engravings. Among the latter we notice illus- 

 trations of several forms of vinery not figured in the previous 

 edition. 



TEACHERS OF CULTURE.— No. 2. 



SIR AKTHONY FITZHERBERT. 



Until the time of Henry VII. (1485-1.509) no power had 

 the great proprietors to aUenate or to divide their vast landed 

 estates. At the Conquest the whole realm was carved out 

 among the followers of the Norman invader, and the feudal 

 system established. Each lord of the soil — so destitute of 

 learning as to be unable to read, and without any occupation 

 but the sports of the field by day and revelry by night — de- 

 pended solely for subsistence upon the rents of corn, cattle, 

 poultry, and other produce rendered by the serfs who culti- 

 vated the small parcels of ground permitted to be tilled in each 

 domain. Permitted to be tilled, is not too strong a term, 

 because the feudal manners of the time were all tending to 

 foster and provide good hunting grounds for the lords of the 

 soil. William I. strictly restrained within small hmits the 

 lands to be cultivated by a monastery he founded ; and his 

 son William Rufus laid waste cultivated lands to enlarge the 

 hunting grounds where he met his death. These vast baronial 

 domains descended inalienably to the heirs, and it was not 

 untU the time of Henry VII. that this fettering of landed pro- 

 perty was loosened. Laws were then enacted enabling the 

 nobles to alienate their lauds, and these found ready purchasers 

 among those wealthy men who then had accumulated and 

 risen in influence — the mercantile classes. The bii'thtime was 

 then of the country gentlemen, a class destined to improve and 

 elevate our country with a rapidity not appreciable but by 

 those conversant with the domestic history of the Middle Ages. 



It was to aid the country gentlemen that Sir Anthony Fitz- 

 herbert wrote two books which entitle him to be placed as our 

 first English teacher of land-culture. Neither the sous of the 

 owners of the great baronial domains, nor the mercantile pur- 

 chasers among whom the domains were parcelled, possessed 

 the knowledge that was needed for theu' cultivation, and to 

 impart that knowledge Sir Anthony wrote these books. How 

 much they were needed is proved by eleven editions of the 

 volume relative to cultivating the soil being jjublished within 

 fifty years after its first appearance. 



'That Sir Anthony's object was to impart this knowledge he 

 tells in the " Prologue " to the volume, where, after referring 

 to another volume previously pubUshed ou the game of " the 

 Chesse," in which the pawns he likens to " the yomenne," he 

 adds — " And in so moche the yomen in the sayde moralytyes 

 and game of the chesse be set before to labour, defende, and 

 maynteyue all the other hyer estates, the whiche yomen repre- 

 sent the common people as husbaudcs and labourers ; therfore 

 I purpose to speake fyrste of husbandrye." 



Sir Anthony also saw clearly that now lauds were divisible 

 into smaller and many parcels, it was needful that their owners 

 should have due knowledge as to the preservation of their 

 boundaries and rights, and for this ho published his volume 

 entitled " Surveyinge," because, as ho observes, " It is neces- 

 sary to be knowen, liowe all these maners, lordeshyps, landes, 

 and tenementes shulde be extended, surneyed, butted, bounded, 

 and ualued in euery parte : that the sayd estates shulde uat 

 be deceyued, defrauded, nor dysherited of theyr possessions, 

 rentes, customes, and seruices, the which they have to theym 

 reserued, for maynteuaunco of theyr estates and degrees, and 

 that there be no parcell thereof loste nor imbeselde." 



How much such a work was needed or appreciated is proved 

 by six editions being pubhshed between 1.523 and 1567. 



The orchard Sir Anthony assigns to the husbandman's care, 



