SCOI'HTHALMIN^ 263 



branchial septum without a foramen between lower pharyngeals and urohyal. Dorsal 

 fin commencing m front of anterior nostril of blind side and well in advance of eye ; 

 most of the rays branched. Dorsal and anal fins not continued on to blind side of 

 caudal peduncle. Tip of first interha-mal spine not projecting in front of anal fin. 

 Pectoral fins unequal, that of ocular side a little larger ; middle rays branched. Pelvic 

 fins free from anal ; first ray of that of blind side opposite second or third of that of 

 ocular side. Scales, when present, small, cycloid ; sometimes replaced by bony 

 tubercles. Lateral line equally developed on both sides of body, with a strong curve 

 above the pectoral fin ; a distinct supratemporal branch. Two pyloric appendages ; 

 vent on blind side, above first ray of anal fin. An air-bladder present in the post- 

 larval stages. 



Four or five species from the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. 



Synopsis of the Species. 

 I. Scales absent, replaced by scattered bony tubercles; anterior dorsal rays 

 not much branched, not free from membrane [Psetta]. 



A. Dorsal 57-71, anal 43-52. 



1. Depth I J to 1 3 in length ; highest rays of dorsal 2J to zf in head ; 



tubercles generally developed only on ocular side, always much 

 smaller than eye ....... i. maximiis, 



2. Depth i^ to if in length ; highest rays of dorsal ij to twice in head ; 



tubercles generally developed on both sides of body, mostly larger 



than eye (in adults) . . . . . . .2. maeoticus. 



B. Dorsal 78-80, anal 55-58 ....... 3. ponticus. 



II. Scales present ; no bony tubercles ; anterior rays of dor.sal much branched, 



more or less free from membrane [Scophthalmus]. 



A. Body not strongly compressed ; dor.sal 73-83, anal 56—62 ; 11 to 13 gill- 



rakers on lower part of anterior arch .... 4. rhombus. 



B. Body strongly compressed, translucent in life; dorsal 65-71, anal 50— 



55; 22 to 26 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch . . 5. aquosus. 



I. SCOPHTHALMUS MAXIMUS (Linnsus). 



[TURBOT.] 



PUuronecles maximus, Linnseus, 1758, Syst. Xat., ed. 10, p. 271 ; 1766, ed. 12, p. 459 ; Blocli, 1783, 

 .Vaturgesch. Fische Deutsch., ii, p. 53 ; Quensel, 1806, Vet. .^kad. Handl., xxvii, pp. 54, 203 : 

 Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice, p. 314 ; Jordan and Goss, 1889, Rep. U.S. Com. Fish., xiv, (1886), 

 p. 257- 



PUuroncctes turbot, Lacepede, 1802, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, p. 645. 



PUuronectcs tuberculalus, Shaw, 1803, Gen. Zool., iv (2), p. 312 ; Turton, 1807, Brit. Fauna, p. 97. 



Pleuroncctcs Cyclops, Donovan, 1806, N. H. Brit. Fishes, iv, pi. xc ; Turton, 1807, torn, cit., p. 97. 



Scophthalmus maximus, Rafinesque, 1810, Ind. itt. Sicil., p. 14 ; Chabanaud, 1930, Bull. Mus. Hist, 

 nat. Paris, (2) ii, p. 628 ; Norman, 1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10) viii, p. 513. 



Rhombus maximus, Cuvier, 181 7, R. Anini.,ii,p. 222 ; Risso, 1826, H. N. Europe, iii, p. 250 ; Kroyer, 

 1845, Danmarks Fiske, ll, p. 424, fig. ; Costa, 1847, Faun. R. Napoli, ii, fasc. 55-8, p. 15, pi. 

 xlviii, figs, 1, 2 ; Nilsson, 1855, Skand. Faun., ed. 2, Fiskar, p. 636 ; Varrell, 1859, Hist. Brit. 

 Fishes, ed. 3, i, p. 634, fig, ; Canestrini, 1862, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. Genova, i, p. 25, pi. iii, 

 fig. : ; Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish., iv, p. 407 ; Malmgren, 1864, .\rch. Naturgesch., xxx (l), p. 

 293; Steindachner, 1868, SitzBer. Akad. Wiss. VVien, Ivii (l), p. 714; Collett, 1875, Vid.- 

 Selsk. Forh., (1S74), Till. p. 137 ; Malm, 1877, Goteborgs Bohus. Fauna, p. 510 ; Collett, 1880, 

 Vid.-Selsk. Forh., (1879), p. 76; Moreau, 1881, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, iii, p. 338; Day, 

 1880-84, Fish. Britain, ii, p. 11, pi. xcvi ; Hock, 1903, Pub. Circ. Cons. Explor. Mer., iii, p. 49, 

 pi. v. ; Danois, 1913, Ann. Inst, oceanogr. Paris, v (5), p. 98, fig. 170; Saemundsson, 1922, 

 Videns. Medd. naturh. Foren. Kjob., Ixxiv, p. 162 ; Schnakenbeck ; 1925, Tier. Nord Ostsee, 

 L. ii, xii (i), p. 7, fig. 7 ; Knipovich, 1926, Trans. Inst. Sci. Explor. North, xxvii, p. 137, fig. 100 ; 

 Buen, 1926, Cat. ictiol. .Medit. Espan. Marruecos, p. 97 ; Saemundsson, 1927, Videns. Medd. 

 naturh. Foren. Kj^b., Ixxxiv. p. 173; Schnakenbeck, 1930, in Joubin, Faun. Ichth. .Mlant. 

 Nord, iv, fig. 



