28o FLATFISHES (HEl'FKOSOMATA) 



side very small,' sitiuiteJ below second and third rays of dorsal tin ; olfactory lanuna' 

 few in number, radiating from a short central rachis. Most of the rays of dorsal and 

 anal tins branched, scaled only on ocular side. Pectoral fin of ocular side with the 

 middle rays branched. Pelvic fins of equal length, symmetrical, their last rays 

 firmly joined by a membrane to the first ray of the anal fin ; a similar but much lower 

 membrane unites their first rays, the whole forming a channeldike cup. Scales small, 

 ctenoid on ocular side, cycloid on blind side ; each scale of ocular side with only a 

 narrow strip of the posterior part not covered by the scale immediately in front, 

 this area provided with strong spinules directed vertically, giving the skin a roughened, 

 pilose appearance; scales of blind side normally imbricated. No pyloric appendages. 

 A smgle species from the coasts of western Europe. 



I. ZEUGOPTERUS PUNCTATUS (Bloch). 



[Common Topknot ; Block's Topknot. j 



PleuronccUs punclatus, Bloch, 17S7, Nat. ausl. Fischc, in, p. 31, pi. clxxxix. 



Pleuronecles hirtus, Abildgaard, 1789, in Miiller, Zool. I>jn., ed. 3, lii, p. ib. pi. cin ; NiKson, 1832, 

 Prodr. Ichtli. Scand., p. 59 ; Fries, 183S, Vet. Ak.vd. H.uidl.. p. 184 ; l"riL-s, 1840, .\rch. Natur- 

 gescli.,p. 32; Kroyer, 1843-5, Danmarks Fisk,, 11. p. 445. tiR. ; Moreau. 18S1, H. N. I'oiss. 



France, lii, p. 321. 

 Pleuronecles kill. Schneider, iSui, in Bloch, Syst. Ichtli., p. luj. 

 Zeugoptenis hirtus, Gottsche, 1835, Arch. Naturgcsch., (2), p. 17S. 

 Klwmbus htrliis, Yarrell, 1S36, Brit. Fish., cd. I, ii, p. 243, fig,; 1S41, cd, 2, 11. p. 334. fig.; 



Nilsson, 185s, Skand. Faun., ed. 2, Fiskar, p. 646 ; Yarrell, 1859. lint. Fish., od. 3. 1. p. tHU, 



fig. ; Smith, 1S64-5, Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb., p. 213. 

 Scophtkalmus hirtus, Bonaparte, 1846, Cat. metod. Pesci Europ., p. 49. 

 Rhombus punctatus, Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish., iv, p. 413. 

 Zeiigoplerus punclatus, Collett, 1875, Vid.-Sclsk. Forh., (1874), Till. p. 139 ; Malm, J877, GOteborgs 



Bohus. Faun., p. .118 ; Day, 1880-4, Fish. Britain, ii, p. 18, pi. c ; Collett, 1884, Nyt Mag. 



Naturv. Chrisliania, xxix, p. loi ; Brook, 1886, Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb., ix, p. 366, pi. xiv ; 



Jordan and Goss, 1889, Rep. U.S. Com. Fish., xiv, (iSSfi), p. 251 ; Lilljeborg, 1891, Sverig, Norg. 



Fiskar, ii, p. 350 ; Smitt, 1893, Scand. Fish., i, p. 45f>, P'- xix, fig. 2, text-fig. iid ; Collett, 



1903, Vid.-Selsk. Forh., (1902), p. 92 ; Danois, 1913, Ann. Inst, oceanogr. Paris, v (5), 



p. 94, figs. ; Schnakenbeck, 1925, Tier. Nord Ostsee, L. ii, xii (i), p. 10, fig. 12 ; Buen, I92(>, 



Cat. ictiol. Medit. Espafi. Marruecos, p. 99 ; Schnakenbeck, 1930, in Joubin, I'auii. Ichth. 



Atlant. Nord. iii, fig. ; Chabanaud, 1931, Riviera Sci., Suppl. Mem. ii, p. 2i. 

 Zeugopterus papillnsus. Brook, 1KS6, Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb., ix, p. 367, pi. xv. 

 Scophlhalmus (Zeugopterus] punclatus, Kyle, 1913. ReP- Planish Ocean. Exped. 191.8191". 11, A.l, 



p. Ii. 



EOCS, I.ARV.l ,XN1. Vu.N.,, 



.Mcintosh and Prince, 1S90, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., xxxv, p. S52, pi. 1, fig. 6, pi. xix, fig. i (?) ; Holt, 

 1893, Sci. Trans. R. Dublin Soc, (li) v, pp. 90, 99, ili, figs. ; Cunningham, 1894, J. Mar. 

 Biol. .\ss., N.S., iii, p. 202 ; Petersen, 1894, Rep. Danish Biol. Stat., iv, (1893), p. 135, pi. ii. 

 fig. 15 ; Mcintosh and Masterman, 1897, Brit. Mar. Food-fish., p. 345, figs. ; Holt, 1899, 

 Ann. Mus. hist. nat. Marseille, Zool., v (2), p. 70, pi. viii, figs. 90, 91; Petersen, 1905. Rep. 

 Danish Biol. Stat., xii (2), (1902-3), p. 25, pi. i, figs. 1-5 ; Ehrenbaum, 1905, in Brandt and 

 Apstein, Nordisches Plankton, I. Eier l.arv. Fisch. (i), p. 20(1, fig. 80; Petersen, 1909, Medd. 

 Komm. Havundersog. Kjob., Ser. Fisk., m (1), p. 1, pi. i, figs. 1-6. 



Depth of body i* to twice in the length, length of head about 3, Snout longer 

 than eye, diameter of which is 4 to 5 times in length of head and 3 or more times the 

 interorbital width ; anterior margins of eyes level or lower very slightly in advance of 

 upper, which is well separated from edge of head ; upper surfaces of eyes densely 

 scaled. Maxdlary extending to below anterior part of eye, length 2J to 2J in that of 

 head ; lower jaw scarcely projecting, lO to 20 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior 

 arch. About 200 scales in lateral line Dorsal (85) 88-102. Anal I'^-Jd (80). 



' In most ipei miens it is impossible to delect Ihesc m the loose skin covering llie nasal cavity. 



