174 AKTICUl.ATE SOUNDS OV THE 



Ending the vawel series with those which may be called labial, the 

 natural passage to the consonants is thru VVi* which thus becomes the 

 first of the labial consonants, whilst its affinity with JJ (oo) is so great 

 that many consider them identical.! 



In pronauncing the syllabi hap the breth is cut off abruptly, but if 

 we force it past the labial barrier, the final consonant unites with hi or a 

 portion of breth, when the syllabi becomes haf. Fi is therefore an 

 aspirate, and pi a lene, whilst both are whisperd, surd., or acute. Bi 

 and vi are not acute, they are grave or sonant. From the whisperd 

 character of pi, si, Id, and their aspirates, they are calld mutes, a term 

 which may be extended to include the sonants 11, vi, &.c. excepting the 

 liquids and nasals. 



The liquid of the pi series, Wi, being grave or sonant, is heard ; it 

 is moreover not aspirated, it is lene. If we aspirate it, it becomes acute 

 or whisperd (Whi) as in when. Both ar capable of being nasalised. The 

 principl nasal of the series is hawever M h which is only a nasalised 

 or "resonant" ai. 



There ar two kinds of labial mutes, as hi. pi, and the labio-dental 

 as^', vi. The German (16') sQi is a tru labial vi, as well as Ji when it 

 follows pi. The labio-dental vi may be numbered 16". 



From the lips we proceed to the tung and teeth which form the den- 

 tals or lingui-dentals, the liquid sonant of which is (19) Li, and (20) 

 Lhi when aspirate, surd, or acute. The nasal of the dental series is 

 (21) 1^ i, which is nasal (22) D'? being, like it, sonant. It may be re- 

 raarkt that the nasals are subject to an acute aspiration which is not in- 

 troduced into the table, to leav it as simple as possibl. I have noticed 

 that of (21") IVIhi in Cherokee. The aspirate of di is (23) D'^i J" 

 these, after which follow (24) "Yh and (25) X^'^ '" '^''"• 



If we remove the tung from the teeth and place it a little farther 

 back, we get the gi series, of which the liquid is (26) R.i English, and 

 (26") ri vi-brant, the former an acute aspirate in (27) rhi. The nasal 

 palatal (28) I have not been able to discover in any language 1 have 

 heard. The grave and acute lene zi, si, of the palatal series differ from 

 the other mutes in being continuous, and not abrupt, 



* I place the first vawel after every consonant for the sake of juniformity when 

 a name is required. The vawel must follow, because some nations cannot pro- 

 nauiice a final consonant, as in ef, em. 



t Dr. AVebst^r says that tvell is merely oo-oo or u-u. This false view induces 

 some to write "such an one" insted of "such a one" — a wonder. So I and yi are 

 confaunded by those who say an insted of a unit, altho they do not say an yoke. 

 The initials of yeo.r and yunit (more correctly junit) are identic!. 



