12.2 On the Anatomy of the Kingfishers. 



phylogenetic modification. But it will be more in accord- 

 ance with scientific reserve if we interpret the kind of facts 

 set out in this paper as evidence that the direction of 

 variation is one of the characters that define organic groups. 

 It is obvious that this character is not likely to be exempt 

 from the phylogenetic strengthening, of which we have 

 evidence in the case of other characters. 



List of papers referred to. 



(1) Wray. — "On some Points in the Moipholog}- of the Wing of 



Birds." P. Z. S. 1887, p. 343. 



(2) Gaeeod. — " On the Disposition of the Deep Plantar Tendons in 



different Birds." P. Z. S. 1875, p. 339. 



(3) Cunningham, R. O. — ''Notes on some Points in the Anatomy of 



three Kingfishers." P. Z. S. 1870, p. 280. 



(4) Beddaed. — " On some Points in the Anatomy of the Kingfishers." 



P. Z. S. 1896, p. 603. 

 (o) FtiRBBiNGEE.— Uiitersuchnugen zur Morphologic nnd Systematik 

 der Vogel. 1888. 



(6) Beddaed. — The Structure and Classification of Birds. 1898. 



(7) Chalmees Mitchell. — " Quintocubitalism in the Wing of Birds." 



J. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. xxvii. p. 210. 



(8) PycEAPT. — " Aquintocubitalism in the Wing of Birds." J. Linn. 



Soc, Zool. A'ol. xxvii. p. 237. 



(9) Gadow, — " Aves " in Bronn's Thier-Peich. 



(10) Chalmers Mitchell. — " On the Perforated Flexor Muscles in 

 some Birds." P. Z. S. 1894, p. 49*5. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV. & V. 



Fig. 1. Alar muscles and tendons of Dacelu (jigantea. 



■) 



Ceryle maxima. 



3. „ „ C. alci/on. 



4. „ „ Sauropatis chhris. 



5. „ „ Ceryle americana, 



6. „ „ C. inda. 



7. „ „ Cittura cyanutis. 



8. „ „ Halcyon 2»leata. 



9. „ „ H. rxrfa. 



10. „ „ Alcedo asiatica. 



All the figures represent the alar muscles and tendons. The outline of 



the humerus is to the left. Tendons and fasciae are coloured blue j 

 muscles red. 



