86 " Gynandronwrphism " and Kindred Problems 



(21) Hybernia leucophaearia. 



Right side ab. marmorinaria Esf)., left side wingless type female. 



It is noteworthy that some of these forms have been proved to be 

 Mendelian dominants to the others. The melanic form of H. abruptaria, 

 for -instance, is dominant to the type, as are A. viri/ulcma ab. bisch off aria , 

 A. prunaria var. surdiata, the melanic form of E. atoviaria, and Aglia 

 tail ab. lugens, though in this last case, according to Sturtevant, there 

 is a partial se.x linkage of the character for ab. lugens with that for the 

 male sex. 



The intermediate form of A. betularia is probably an imperfect 

 dominant, the black form ab. donbledayuria x type usually produces 

 half ab. doubledayaria, half type, when the black j)arent is heterozygous. 

 Douhledayaria x doubledayaria. may give all doableduyaria. Inter- 

 mediates are rare. 



In the case of the four gynandromorphous H. abruptaria, they 

 were the result of a paii'ing between a heterozygous dominant and a 

 homozygous recessive, and this was probably the case in some other 

 instances. 



Larvae which showed Heterochroism and produced Gynandromorphous 



imagines. 



These occurred in the silk-worm (Bonibyx mori). Toyama records 

 two larvae completely halved with the left side zebra banded and the 

 right imicolorous white. 



They were bred from a male of Japanese unicolorous strain and a 

 female of European zebra strain. One produced an imago which was 

 a gynandromorph completely halved in all respects, right side male, 

 left side female. 



Mayer in the Ent. Zeitschr. Stutt. XXIII, p. 104, records a larva from 

 a cross of an Italian and a French race which was black on the whole 

 of the right side and white on the left side. This produced a gynan- 

 dromorphous B. mori with the right half completely male, and the 

 left half comi^letely female ; even the e.xternal genitalia, though rather 

 crippled, were completely halved. 



Blaringhem (C. R. Sue. de Biol. Paris, 1913, 74, p. 1291) describes 

 a larva with the right side wholly unicolorous white, the left side zebra 

 with a mosaic of white patches on the posterior half It was found 

 amongst 1,200,000 larvae all normal of a strain which was almost entirely 

 zebra, though white specimens occasionally appeared. 



