96 " GijnitHdi-otnorp/iism" aiul Kiadred Probleim 



halved gynandromorphous Amphidasys betularia and a male with 

 antennae almost simple, which may have had a female element in it, 

 from one batch of ova. Twenty normal males and forty females were 

 bred from the rest of the ova, but these refused to breed inter se, and, 

 unfortunately, the strain was lost. 



In a brood of hybrid Selenia tetrulnnaria ^ x /S'. bilxiiaria $ reared 

 by Mr E. B. Haynes in 1913, there was a great preponderance of gynan- 

 dromorphous individuals, though this cross, like the reciprocal cross, 

 usually produces only normal males and females, a fact which I have 

 confirmed by dissection. 



Two gynandromorphous Fhlebeius arc/us (aec/on) were taken by the 

 same captor at Dover in 1858. They were exactly alike being pre- 

 dominantly female. The right .side in both was smaller than the left, 

 and thickly peppered with blue scales and androconia, the left side was 

 larger and entirely brown as in the normal female. Gynandromorphs 

 of this species are rare and no similar one has been described so that it 

 is highly probable both came of the same parentage. 



Two gynandromorphs of Amorpha prnpidi were bred by Shuttleworth 

 from the same lot of larvae in 1880. {Entomologist, 1880, p. 116.) 



Two gynandromorphs of the same species were also bred, August 2nd, 

 1914, by Mr H. B. Williams from one batch of ova. Both parents were 

 normal in appearance. One was perfectly halved, right side male, left 

 female ; the other was similar except for a small area of male colouration 

 near the costa of the left forewing and another near the hind margin. 



In the Ent. Zeitschr. XX, p. 241, there is a record of three gynandro- 

 morphous Saturnia pavonia of mixed type being bred from one batch 

 of ova derived from a very much inbred strain. Two were predominantly 

 male and one predominantly female. 



Speyer records in the Stett. Ent. Zeitwuj, 1881, XLii, pp. 477-486, a 

 similar family bred from a few larvae of S. pai'onia found on a branch 

 of Salix aurita near Wiesbaden. Five mixed gj'nandromorphs emerged, 

 one predominantly male, three showing the character of both sexes 

 equally, and one predominantly female. Of five dead pupae also three 

 were gj'nandromorphous. 



In Hymenoptera gynandromorphism is rare, especially in ants. 

 Horace Donisthorpe up to this year (1914) could only collect a total of 

 31 cases, and yet of these two occurred in the same nest of Anergates 

 atratulus. This must be more than a mere coincidence. 



But far more convincing is the honey-bee Apis niellifica. In this 

 species apart from one hive only 15 examples are known. In the 



