108 " Gynandt'omorphism " and Kindred Problems 



twenty to one. In addition there is a good deal of blue scaling on the 

 hindwings of many of the females, and in a certain percentage the hind- 

 wings are brilliantly blue and there is a large patch of blue at the base 

 of the forewings. This is the var. semisyngraplia. On the neighbouring 

 downs this variety is absent or very rare indeed, and the sexes are equal 

 in number. 



Amongst the females taken in 1912 were a few which had the 

 wings on one side smaller than those on the other and were dusted 

 with blue scales on the small side. The orange lunules were also 

 smaller on the small side. In 1913 more than 80 similar specimens 

 were taken, and in 1914 more than three dozen. 



I carefully dissected seven of these, including one with the right 

 forewing almost entirely blue, almost as blue as a male (PI. XXI, fig. 6), 

 and found no trace of male organs, neither testes, nor internal secondary 

 sexual organs, nor external armature. Indeed except in two of them 

 the female organs were perfectly formed and symmetrical, the ovaries 

 were large and full of eggs. In one the bursa copulatrix was defective, 

 the caput bursae, a very large and elaborate structure in this species, 

 being absent ; the ductus seminis (ductus bursae) was absent, and one 

 cement gland was atroj^hic (Diagram j). In the other there were only 

 three strings of ova in each ovary instead of four (Diagram k). 



On examining the wings I found that all seven showed in addition 

 to blue scales, which might belong to either sex, scales of two kinds 

 which are found only in the male, the pale blue coarse hair scales, and 

 the androconia or battledore scales. Neither of these is ever found in 

 females, neither in the bluest semisyngraplia nor even in the completely 

 blue aberration syngrapha. Androconia are supposed to be sexual 

 scent scales, and are structurally quite different from any scale found 

 in the female. The presence of one of them is sufficient to establish 

 the existence of a male element. 



In 50 which I examined afterwards to confirm this discovery, I found 

 androconia in every one and male hair scales in the majority. 



In a specimen taken on the same hill by the Rev. G. H. Raynor in 

 1910, there is a similar state of affairs, but the right forewing with the 

 blue scaling is very minute, measuring 7 mm., whei-eas the left measures 

 15 nnn., the right hind wing is a little smaller than the left and wedge- 

 shaped white areas, blue scales, and the lunules are of a different colour 

 from those on the other side (PI. XXII, fig. 7). With the microscope 

 the blue scales of male type were seen to be abundant on the aborted 

 wing, and amongst them were androconia. 



