112 " Gi/nandromorphisni" and Kindred Problems 



probably as the result of excessive inbreeding, and only three pupae 

 were obtained, from which three normal females emerged. 



The primary and secondary sexual organs of these gynandromorphs 

 were presumably purely male as in the figure given by Wenke of a 

 similar specimen. They were probably secondary somatic hermaphro- 

 dites of male type, comparable in their genitalia with the female 

 secondary somatic hermaphrodites of Agriades coridun previously 

 described. 



From this evidence it is impossible to doubt that in the French ami 

 Hertfordshire localities races of the butterflies A. coridon and P. icarus 

 occur in which gynandromorphism is hereditary, in the former by direct 

 or indirect descent, in the latter probably by direct descent. Indirect 

 descent is most probable in the case of the French halved icarus, 

 for it is physically impossible for most gynandromorphous insects to 

 produce offspring. It is true that Scopoli in his book, published in 

 1777, records an instance in the following terms: 



"Plutlwiue pini Linn. Larvte bin*, intra unicum, quem pararunt, 

 folliculum, mutatie sunt in unicam Pupam, unde Animal dimidia cor- 

 poris parte masculum ; antenna plumosa, alisque binis majoribus; alia 

 vero femineum ; antenna setacea, alisque binis minoribus. Quod vero 

 mirabilius, pars mascula emisso pene fecundavit ovula feminete, qute 

 deposita perfectas larvas protulerunt." 



Though his explanation of self-fertilisation is impossible, the ova 

 may have developed parthenogenetically as sometimes occurs in 

 this group, or the insect may have paired with a male of the same 

 species. 



That the latter is not impossible is proved by the observation of 

 Dr Cloquet. He took a pair of Dryas paph.ia on the wing, the male 

 paired with a gynandromorph. This was a halved example, and though 

 no internal examination was made, the external genitalia were of both 

 sexes. 



Edward Newman records a gynandromorph of Liparis {Lymantria 

 or Octieria) dispar, with male antennae but otherwise of female ap- 

 pearance. This remained paired with a normal male for three hours. 

 The abdomen contained no ova, though the structures were of female 

 character. 



Wenke also records the discovery of halved gynandromorphs of 

 Faniassiii.s upollo and deliu.% each with the sphragis or abdominal 

 pouch present, proving they had paired with males. 



A water beetle, Dytiscus latissimtis, has also been taken by Altum 



