116 " Gynandromorphisia" and Kindred Froblemt 



Gynandromorphous Mongrels. 



Brake, Goldschmidt and others have produced very large numbers 

 of gynandromorphs by crossing Lymantria dispar Linn, with its var. 

 japoinca Motsch. 



Though the latter is soraetimes considered to be a distinct species, 

 it is almost certainly merely a larger and more deeply coloured variety. 

 It exhibits the same differences from more Western races as many 

 other Japanese insects such as Papilio machaon show. 



In some families they appeared in very large numbers, in others 

 they were entirely absent. 



Three kinds of gynandromorphs were produced: 



(1) Female gynandromorphs. These were like females in size and 

 shape, with either a blending or a mosaic arrangement of male and 

 female colour and pattern. They had two ovaries, and the other sexual 

 organs, including the external genitalia, were female in character. 



(2) Male gynandromorphs. These were like males in size and 

 shape, but had patches or streaks of female colouring on the wings. 



The sexual organs were like those of males except that in a few ova 

 and oocytes were found with the spermatozoa and spermatocytes in the 

 testes. 



(3) Weibchen-mannchen. These were exactly like males except 

 for tiny specks of female colour scattered all over the wings. Their 

 sex-glands were testes or wei-e lobulated and contained oocytes and 

 spermatocytes in all their follicles. 



The external genitalia were modified, showing a transition from 

 those of purely male type to a form closely approaching the female 

 type. 



Many of these gynandromorphs were fertile, the females functioning 

 as females and the male gynandromorphs and weibchen-mannchen as 

 males, but in the more pronounced examples sexual instinct or sexual 

 function was lost. 



From this description it will be recognised that they differ very 

 widely from ordinary gynandromorphs. All showed a close approach 

 to bilateral symmetry in external characters, and in internal characters ; 

 none showed any approach to a halved arrangement. 



The genetic hermaphrodites showed a form never met with in wild 

 gynandromorphs, and no lateral genetic hermaphrodite was met with, 

 nor did any unisexual individual occur with a single sex-gland. 



