1 92 1.] Birds of Macedonia. 189 



Cetti's Warbler, Blackbird, Nightinoale, Wlieatear, Night- 

 jar, Roller, Little Owl, Kestrel, Lesser Kestrel, White 

 Stork, Turtle- Dove, Collared Dove, Stone-Curlew, and 

 Little Ringed Plover. To these Major Sladen has added 

 Spanish Sparrow (Karasuli and Hirsova), Short-toed Lark, 

 Nuthatch, Bee-eater, Hoopoe, Black Tern, Osprey and 

 Kingfisher, as well as a few more species included in his 

 own papers. 



Other species were seen continually throughout the 

 breeding-season or showed other signs of having nests, e. g., 

 Raven, Chaffinch, Ortolan, White Wagtail, Grey Wagtail, 

 Red-backed Shrike, Stonechat, Kite, Common Buzzard, and 

 (yommon Snipe. Some of these have been recorded as breed- 

 ing in Macedonia, but as localities are not mentioned — and 

 the occupied territory was so vast — the nests may have been a 

 great, distance from the area with which we are concerned — 

 anywhere, in fact, between the Adriatic and Black Seas. 



[CoRViD^. — Vast flocks of Jackdaws, Rooks, and Hooded 

 Crows frequent the Struma j)lain during the winter months. 

 From December 1916 to January 1917 the numbers were 

 truly terrific, but the comparatively milder v\ inter of 1917— 

 191^5 did not witness such laroe conoregations. During the 

 summer months very different conditions were in force, 

 some Ravens, scattered pairs of Hooded Crows, and a number 

 of Jackdaws representing the Corvidae. 



Generally speaking, there was a withdrawal of Crows in 

 the very early spring. The numbers diminished before 

 March, during which month a marked movement of Rooks 

 to the W. and N.VV. took place. After this Rooks were 

 not seen at all — although some may have bred beyond the 

 area of observation. (There are nests by the side of the 

 Orient railway line between Salonica and Larissa.) 



A daily increase in the number of Hooded C-rows and 

 Jackdaws in September and October may have been due to 

 the gregarious habits of young birds bred in the preceding 

 months. A large influx of "foreign" Jackdaws and 

 Hooded Crows occurred in late autumn, and with these 



