()52 Col. R, Mpiinertzhaoen on Birds from [Ibis, 



Fauna) in uniting them all as geographical races o£ the same 

 species ; in fuct, some specimens o£ tjpical rtt/W/us from India 

 are merely small editions of -1. r. 7nchardi or stinolatus. 



Having united Asiatic A. rufulus with A. richardi, it is 

 only logical to include as geographical races of richardi the 

 various African races which hitherto have been treated as 

 races of rufulus. Oscar Neumann apparently came to the 

 same conclusion (J. f. 0. 1906, p. 231). 



Head and back alwa3^s distinctly and usually boldly 

 blotched and streaked. Breast always distinctly spotted. 



2nd and 3rd primaries usually equal and longest, but 1st 

 and 4th come vei-y close. 



The outer web of the penultimate tail-feather is only dark 

 brown at the base. The outer tail-feather has a trianoular- 

 shaped \Nhite mark on its distal part. This white is rarely 

 tinged with buff or brown. 



Inner secondaries usually shorter than the longest prim- 

 aries, but frequently equnl to them and occasionally longer. 

 This variability- occurs most frequently in birds from tropical 

 and southern Africa. 



Hind claw longer than in the campestris-, sordidus-, or 

 leucophri/s-gron\)s, when birds of the same size are compared. 



Anthus r. richardi. 



Anthus richardi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. 

 1818, p. 491 : France. 



35 examined. 



Distinguished at once from all other races by its huge 

 hind claw and longer wing. Wing 90-100, culmen 15*5-18, 

 hind claw 16-22 mm. 



Breeds in central and southern Siberia, and in eastern 

 Turkestan to the Altai and Tianshan systems, east to 

 Manchuria and northern China — Kansu, Szechv\an, Nanslian, 

 Kukunor, and the upper Hoang Ho. 



Winters in Europe west to England and France, in Egypt, 

 the Sudan, Palestine, Asia Minor, India, and Ceylon, Siam 

 (rare), southern China, and Hainan. 



