1917-] Birds observed at Erzerum. 29 



as the first days of February, the 2ad of this month being 

 my earliest record in 1911. Many are then in winter 

 plumage, and they seem to live chiefly on garbage until the 

 marshes become accessible. During the summer they 

 abound in the Kara Su swamps, and also on the Araxes in 

 the Passen Plain. I have no notes recording the date of 

 their departure. 



Sterna hirundo. Common Tern. 



A common summer visitor in the marshes and in the 

 Passen Plain. 



Hydrochelidon nigra. Black Tern. 



An abundant summer visitor in the Kara Su marshes. 



Podiceps cristata. Great Crested Grebe. 



I saw a family-party on the Kara Su on June 25, 1910. 



Podiceps griseigena. Red-necked Grebe. 

 An immature bird was brought to me on August 19, 

 1910. 



Colnmba palumhus. Wood-Pigeon. 

 One observed on April 9, 1911. 



Columba livia. Rock-Dove. 



Was observed early in March and became increasingly 

 numerous until the end of April in the fields round the 

 town, whither the gradual melting of the snow attracted 

 flocks of Lapwings, Starlings, Rooks, Jackdaws, and Meadow- 

 Pipits. Between this period and autumn I seem to have 

 made no observations, but solitary birds and small parties 

 are noted as having been seen between August and October. 



Streptopelia turtur. Turtle-Dove. 



Found sparingly in the few spots where trees can grow. 

 They arrive at the end of April, and after the 3rd or 4th of 

 September numerous small flights were observed proceeding 

 S.W. through the Boghaz defile. Many of these spent the 

 night in the trees at my camp. I have observed isolated 

 individuals as late as October 7. 



