LANMAN. — BUDDHAGHOSa's VISUDDHI-MAGGA, BOOK 1. 155 



40 Morality is of four kinds if viewed — 

 Tetrad 1. — as tending to inferiority 



or as tending to a remaining in statu quo 

 or as tending to some special Attainment 

 or as tending toward a penetration of the Truths 



41 Tetrad 2. — as a keeping of precepts that concern the monks 



or as a keeping of precepts that concern the nims 



or as a keeping of precepts that concern the male and female novices 



or as a keeping of precepts that concern the lay followers 



42 Tetrad 3. — as natural, that is, as not the fruit of trainmg 



or as an aggregate of customary practices 



or as the ways of the mother of one destined to become a Buddha 



or as the fruit of elevated morality in former births 



43 Tetrad 4. — as depending on restraints enjoined by the Patimokkha: ^ 



(first kind) patimokkha-saijvara-sila; quotation 1 (from Vbh. 244): 



idha bhikkhu patimokkha-saijvara-saijvuto viharati, 



acara-gocara-sampanno 



anu-mattesu vajjesu bhaya-dassavl, samadaya sikkhati sikkhapadesu; 



or as depending on the restraint of the senses: 



(second kind) indriya-sar)vara-slla; quotation 2 (from M. 1.180-'): 

 so cakkhuna rupaij disva, na nimittaggahi hoti. . . 

 manindriye saijvarag apajjati (to M. 1.1810; 



or as ensuring a blameless livelihood : 



(third kind) ajlva-parisuddhi-sila; quotation 3 (from \loh. 345): 

 kuhana, lapana, nemittikata, nippesikata, 

 labhena-labhaij -nijigiij sanata ; 



or as a using of the everyday necessaries of life in the right .«pirit: 

 (fourth kind) paccaya-sannissita-slla; quotation 4 (from M. 1. 10^): 

 patisaijkha yoniso civaraij patisevati . . . pindapatai] . . . senasanaij . . . 

 gilanapaccayabhesajjaparikkharar) . . .abyabajjha-paramataya(M. 1.10^"). 



44-88 Discussion of the four kinds of morality given under Tetrad 4, (§43), 

 consisting of commentary and explanation and stories commingled: 

 First kind, patimokkha-sagvara-slla, §44- §51 

 Second kind, indriya-sai]vara-slla, §52-§57 

 Third kind, ajlva-parisuddhi-slla, §58-§76 

 Fourth kind, paccaya-sannissita-slla, §77- §88 



iThe discussion of the four kinds of morality comprised imder tlie fourth 

 tetrad occupies sections 44 to 112 or just one half of this long first book. Albeit 

 of absolutely logical and orderly sequence, it is nevertheless extraordinarily 

 complicated, and I have therefore made this part of the analysis somewhat 

 ampler than the rest, in order to a quicker and better understanding. 



