22 OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES 



The implementation of these general recommendations requires action upon a 

 number of broad fronts. More marine scientists must be educated. Additional 

 ships and shore facilities must be built. New instruments and techniques must 

 be developed. International cooperation in the marine sciences must be 

 strengthened. 



To achieve these aims in the next 10 years v?ill necessitate many agencies 

 of the Federal Government vs'orking together both in planning and in providing 

 the moneys.* Taking into account the relative degrees of interest and impor- 

 tance of oceanography to individual agencies, the Committee recommends — 



4. The Navy and the National Science Foundation should each finance 

 about 50 percent of the new basic research activity except ship construction. 

 The Navy should finance 50 percent of the new research ship construction 

 with the Maritime Administration and the National Science Foundation 

 sharing the remainder. The Navy, through the Hydrographic OflSce, should 

 finance 50 percent of the deep ocean surveys, while the Coast and Geodetic 

 Survey should finance the balance. The Navy should sponsor completely 

 all military research and development operations. The Bureau of Com- 

 mercial Fisheries should finance the greater part of the recommended ocean 

 resources program. The Atomic Energy Commission should finance the 

 major part of the research dealing with the problems of radioactive con- 

 tamination of the oceans. The National Science Foundation and the Office 

 of Education should sponsor jointly the proposed program for increasing 

 scientific and technical manpower in the marine sciences. Efforts aimed at 

 fortering international cooperation in the marine sciences should be spon- 

 sored by the Department of State, the International Cooperation Adminis- 

 tration, and the National Science Foundation. Other agencies should take 

 responsibility for certain aspects of the proposed program, particularly the 

 Public Health Service, the Geological Survey, and the Bureau of Mines. 



Although the bulk of oceanographic research and survey work must of neces- 

 sity be financed by the Federal Government, the value of State and private funds 

 cannot be overestimated. Such funds are especially helpful for supporting ini- 

 tial exploratory basic research and for starting new laboratories. Accordingly, 

 the Committee recommends — 



5. Private foundations and universities, industry, and State governments 

 should all take an active part in the recommended program of expansion. 



rv. SPECIFIC EECOMMENDATIONS 



Education and manpower 



1. The universities now providing graduate education for oceanographers 

 should be encouraged to increase the numbers and quality of their output. Some 

 institutions which now teach oceanographers in only certain branches of ocean- 

 ography should add professors in other fields to their faculties. These measures 

 will require financial support. 



2. Institutions which undertake considerable research, but provide no regular 

 formal teaching in oceanography, could contribute greatly to the education of 

 oceanographers at the higest level by close formal affiliations with universities. 

 Conversely, universities should recognize their responsibilities in the educaton of 

 oceanographers. They should welcome this affiliation with marine laboratories 

 and arrange for the interchange of facilities. This will require financial 

 support. 



3. It may be desirable to develop oceanographic education at new centers. 

 However, a "critical mass" of faculty in the basic sciences is essential for suc- 

 cessful teaching of oceanographers. Such new centers should, therefore, be 

 developed at universities which possess strong faculties in the sciences. 



4. In order to finance new faculty in oceanography at existing or new teaching 

 centers, the U.S. Government should provide funds on long-term commitments. 

 This committee recommends that about $500,000 per year be appropriated for 

 salaries and the equipment and indirect costs associated with such positions. 

 This program could be operated through the Office of Education. 



* One motliod siiRfrPstecl for developlnp more pfFective Internpency cooperation Is thronjrh 

 the proposed Federal Council for Science and TeciinoloK.v. 'I?l)is Coimeil is described lu 

 "StrenKtbenlng American Science," a recent report of the President's Science Advisory 

 Committee. 



