OCEANOGRAPHY EN" THE UNITED STATES 23 



5. In order to attract competent graduate students to the long and somewhat 

 arduous schooling required of well-qualified oceanographers, it will be necessary 

 to provide substantial long-term fellowships. It is believed that 80 fellowships 

 should be supported on a 5-year basis and at an average stipend of $3,500 to 

 $4,000 per student each year. This will produce 12 to 15 new Ph. D's per year 

 (allowing a reasonable attrition factor) at an annual cost of about $300,000. 

 This would provide approximately one-third of the student support that will be 

 needed in order to double the number of oceanographers at the Ph. D. level 

 during the next 10 years. 



It is desirable that fellowships permit students to attend more than one 

 university. This can provide students with well-rounded educations in all 

 branches of oceanography without each university having to provide a full cur- 

 riculum. Such a program should be handled through the National Science 

 Foundation. 



6. Efforts should be made in research and survey programs to use larger num- 

 bers of assistants at the bachelor and master's level in order to utilize more 

 efficiently the limited number of persons available at the doctoral level. 



7. Oceanographers should undertake more active recruiting of prospective 

 oceanographers among undergraduate students of physics, chemistry, biology, 

 and geology. 



New ships for research, development, and surveying 



1. A shipbuilding program should be started aimed at replacing, moderniz- 

 ing, and enlarging the number of oceangoing ships now being used for re- 

 search, surveying, and development. Specifically in the period 1960-70 the re- 

 search, development, and survey fleet should be increased from its present size 

 of about 45 ships to 85 .ships. Taking into account the replacement of ships 

 which must be retired during the next decade, this means that 70 ships should 

 be constructed at a total estimated cost of $213 million. 



2. The size ranges recommended for new oceangoing ships are : About 500 tons, 

 1,200 tons, and 2,200 tons displacement. 



3. The conversion of vessels, which were originally designed for other pur- 

 poses, into research, development, or survey vessels is to be discouraged. Such 

 converions are generally uneconomical. 



4. The recommendations for the construction of ships for specific purposes 

 (basic, research, military research and development, oceanic surveys, resources 

 and fisheries) are given in table 1. 



5. The recommended size distribution for new ships is given in table 2. 



6. The Navy should provide about 50 percent of the financing for the con- 

 struction of new ships for basic research, all of the financing for new ships for 

 military research and development, and 50 percent of the financing for new 

 ships for oceanic surveys. The Coast and Geodetic Survey should provide 50 

 percent of the financing for the construction of new ships for oceanic surveys. 

 The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries should finance the construction of all the 

 new ships for marine biological resources and fisheries studies. The Na- 

 tional Science Foundation and the Maritime Administration should each pro- 

 vide about 25 percent of the financing for new ships for basic research. The 

 numbers of ships in each size category which should be built by each of the 

 sponsoring agencies are given in table 3. 



7. Detailed recommendations for the scheduling of ship construction by each 

 of the sponsoring agencies are given in table 4. Estimated capital costs by 

 year and by agency are given in table .5, based upon the assumption that a 500- 

 ton ship will cost about $1.65 million, a 1,200-ton ship will cost about $3.8 mil- 

 lion and a 2,000-ton ship will cost about $5 million. 



8. The Maritime Administration should be consulted in the designing of all 

 ships paid for from public funds and used for marine studies. 



9. Research ships operated by private institutions like those operated by the 

 Navy, Coast Guard, and Coast and Geodetic Survey should be exempt from those 

 existing legal requirements for living accommodations, safety, and the licensing 

 of crews, which are practical and sensible only on large (3,000 tons) merchant 

 ships. 



10. All noncombatant surface ships used for research, development or sur- 

 veying should be operated by the laboratory or agency directly concerned and 

 should have civilian crews. 



