134 OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES 



these for several years and has successfully routed ships around 

 storms in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The savings in time 

 alone has been estimated by MSTS to be worth $2 million over the past 

 2 years. Similarly, since 1952, millions of dollars have been saved in 

 the resupply of the DEW-line stations by the prediction of the ice 

 conditions in the Artctic Ocean. More recently the Navy has and is 

 participating in underice cruises in the Arctic Ocean and is collecting 

 oceanographic information. 



Thus far I have discussed some of the reasons why the Navy con- 

 siders oceanography to be so important. Next I would like to describe 

 the Navy's program in oceanography. 



The Navy presently supports about 80 percent of the total ocean- 

 ographic research in the United States. Approximately 300 full-time 

 scientists of the doctors and masters or equivalent experience level are 

 under contract. These scientists are distributed throughout 12 civil- 

 ian oceanographic laboratories located on the east, west, and gulf 

 coasts of the United States and have approximately 20 research ships 

 varying in size from 50 to 2,700 tons at their disposition. The per- 

 sonnel are employed in both basic and applied aspects of ocean- 

 ographic research. The entire field of oceanography including physi- 

 cal, chemical, bilogical, and geological research on the oceans is repre- 

 sented. In addition, the Navy supports a large program in under- 

 water acoustics which is closely related and materially contributes to 

 our understanding of the oceans. 



Aside from the research at the civilian laboratories the Navy main- 

 tains nine large Navy laboratories, each of which has its own specific 

 interest in the oceans. These laboratories have eight ships, two sub- 

 marines, and a bathyscaph available for research in the oceans. Most 

 of this research is directly applicable to Navy problems. 



The oceanographic research program is considerably enhanced by 

 the oceanographic program of the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office. 

 Facilities include eight major survey ships and inshore survey vessels. 

 This effort is devoted solely to applied military oceanography with 

 emphasis on (1) oceanographic publications, (2) surveys in support 

 of military operations, and (3) research on the effect of the environ- 

 ment on military operations and means of predicting these effects. 



Even though the Navy is engaged in a vigorous oceanographic re- 

 search program we have realized this effort must be increased to 

 solve the complex problems of modem warfare. Accordingly, the 

 Office of the Naval Research prepared a long-range program of expan- 

 sion in oceanography. This program, called TENOC, was endorsed 

 by Adm. Arleigh A. Burke, Chief of Naval Operations on Janu- 

 ary 1, 1959. He stated that the Navy will support project TENOC 

 within budgetary limitations in the Navy's research and development, 

 shipbuilding and military construction programs. He has assigned a 

 priority to this project commensurate with the antisubmarine warfare 

 program in the Navy. Project TENOC inchides a substantial in- 

 crease in the research program, the construction of research ships, 

 additional shore facilities and provision for the education of new 

 oceanographers. 



TENOC specifically covers the Navy's contract research program in 

 oceanogi-aphy. Studies are in progress to develop a similar program 

 for the Navy laboratories. It is well known that research and sur- 



