136 OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES 



Danish scientific contributions in oceanography have been signifi- 

 cant. Three research vessels are employed on a worldwide scale to 

 obtain biological and physical information on fishery and scientific 

 programs. There is very little military effort. 



Norway was once a world leader in oceanography. Equipment and 

 personnel shortages have forced a decline. 



Canadian work is concentrated in local waters and the Arctic Sea. 

 Six research vessels, about a dozen scientists, and two dozen tech- 

 nicians are employed full time. The program is responsive to both 

 defense and fishery requirements. 



Argentina is the leading South American country doing oceanog- 

 raphy, with Chile and Peru performing good but limited research. 

 Cuban research in this field is moderate and excellent. 



Soviet effort in oceanography is massive, of a high caliber, and 

 is designed to establish and demonstrate world leadership. The ob- 

 jectives appear to be fourfold: (1) To accumulate masses of data 

 equivalent to that possessed by Western nations, (2) to exploit the 

 fishing industry as a major food source to offset deficient meat produc- 

 tion, (3) to support naval operations and increase undersea warfare 

 capabilities, and (4) to increase navigational use of the Northern Sea 

 route for strategic and logistic reasons. 



It is estimated that the U.S.S.E.. employs as many as 800 profes- 

 sional oceanographers plus a similar number of support personnel. 

 Approximately 65 merchant vessels and 40 naval vessels, including 

 submarines, are employed full or part time. The Soviet IGY ocean- 

 ographic effort was greater than that of any other country. 



The activities discussed in this report indicate an extensive and 

 growing national and worldwide interest in the oceans. It is the 

 belief of the Department of the Navy that the real exploration of the 

 sea is just beginning. Within the next 10 years, we expect the oceans 

 to become more fully utilized to all depths. We further expect the 

 United States to play a leading role in this new development and the 

 Navy will carry its full share of this load. 



I hope this has given you an appreciation of the great importance 

 which the Navy attaches to oceanographic research and a general 

 picture of the programs upon which we are embarked. All activities 

 concerned with this research will be happy to give you the details of 

 their programs at any future time at your convenience. 



Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 



Mr. Miller. Thank you very much. Admiral. 



I want to thank you for a very fine statement, one which will evoke 

 a lot of thought. 



In our own country in Government there are a number of agencies 

 that have a major interest in the sea and I am glad to know that they 

 are now at least informally coordinating their effort. 



I think that the statement that you make with respect to this co- 

 ordinating committee is very enlightening. You feel that this com- 

 mittee has functioned well in its informal capacity. Has there been 

 an exchange of thought and ideas within the committee that makes 

 it a good institution with which to work or should it be more forma- 

 lized? 



Admiral Hayward. I feel that the informality, Mr. Chairman, is an 

 advantage. As a matter of interest, I do not know whether the com- 



