OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES 171 



Mr. Pelly. Doctor, just following up on what the chairman has 

 been bringing out, I would be interested to get your views as to how 

 specifically we can develop some scientists in this field. There was 

 testimony in the last session of the defense education bill by the dean 

 of the engineering school of the University of Washington to the 

 effect that there were in this countiy 78,000 enroUees in engineering 

 schools from our high schools going into college, which was adequate 

 to provide all the engineers that we needed if we had been able to 

 encourage sufficient of those students when they were through with 

 their 4-year normal course to stay on and take their higher training, 

 but that they were tempted by private industry and the natural m- 

 clination to get married and be independent, and so forth, to abandon 

 their career. This particular testimony was to the effect that a fel- 

 lowship was not enough, that it did not amount to enough money, that 

 there should be several thousand dollars a year to any individual to 

 encourage him to go on and take his doctor's or Ph. D. degree or 

 some other means of giving the more able, more competent students a 

 chance at development to fill the need that we have. 



Would that be the picture that you see or do you think we have to 

 start with the first grade and work upward counseling students to 

 get into oceanography? 



Dr. Bkown. i think that one has to operate at all levels. From 

 the point of view of fulfilling the immediate needs, the most impor- 

 tant approach is to bring young persons who have just received their 

 Ph. D. degrees from their own field into the field of oceanography. 

 Now, we do the equivalent of this all of the time at Cal Tech where we 

 have a system of what we call postdoctoral fellowships designed espe- 

 cially for the fresh Ph. D. He will get his chemistry degree, let us 

 say, at Northwestern. We bring him to our division at Cal Tech 

 working as a chemist in the earth sciences and then he works wnth us 

 for 3 years or 2 years. He learns the earth sciences. He brings 

 chemistry to it. He is a very broad individual as a result. He goes 

 out and becomes a staff member in, let us say, an oceanography insti- 

 tution. 



Mr. Pelly. He has a fellowship when he is with you ? 



Dr. Brown. He has a fellowship when with us. 



Mr. Pelly. How much ? 



Dr. Browx. Not very much. The man really has to work for the 

 love of the work. It amounts to about $.5,000 a year. We are now 

 talking about raising that because it is rather difficult competitively. 



Mr.PELLY. What I am trying to get at is how much a year in the 

 way of a fellowship is necessary in order to give the incentive to 

 more of these teaclier-learners, I suppose you would call them, to go 

 on in their field and not go out into private industry and never finish 

 their full training ? 



Dr. Brown. I believe that you can get some idea about this when 

 I tell you of the experience of a student of mine who is getting his 

 Ph. D. in June. He has received something like 10 offers, 5 of them 

 are from industry, averaging between $11,000 and $12,000 a year. 

 This is for a fresh Ph. D., mind you. One of them is from a large 

 Government research laboratory which has offered him $9,000 a year, 

 and the balance are from universities and colleges, averaging $6,000 

 a year. 



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