214 OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES 



Mr. Miller. Thank you very much, Admiral. We appreciate those 

 remarks. 



Admiral Mumma. I appreciate this opportunity to outline the rela- 

 tionship of oceanographic research to the Bureau of Ships. Admiral 

 Hayward and Admiral Bennett have previously outlined the history 

 and the scope of the Navy's program on oceanography. 



The Bureau provides modest direct support to oceanographic re- 

 search, as its primary concern is in the application of the results of 

 such research. The Bureau is a user-consumer of oceanographic re- 

 search. For example, in designing the Oceanographic Research Ship 

 (AGS) in the Navy's fiscal 1960 shipbuilding progi'am, the Bureau 

 consulted various interested research organizations and other Govern- 

 ment agencies for advice and assistance. However, the Bureau does 

 contribute to the oceanographer and oceanographic research in three 

 ways: 



(1) By building equipment which is useful in delineating the 

 ocean ; 



(2) By assisting in the development of instruments which give 

 us the limiting factors controlling design of military equipment 

 and weapons which we must build ; and 



(3) By providing direct research support in the case of cer- 

 tain priority items, such as in ASW warfare where the situation 

 demands accelerated effort as at present. 



In providing equipment for delineating the ocean, we have built 

 eclio-sounding equipments which can probe to all depths of the ocean. 

 We have made echo-sounding equipment standard on all Navy ships 

 so that, through records submit<^ed to the Hydrographic Office by these 

 ships, the picture of the ocean bottom is continually being defined and 

 redefined. In addition, through research supported both by the Office 

 of Naval Kesearch and the Bureau of Ships, special recording equip- 

 ment capable of giving the ocean depth accui'ately to within fJ feet 

 out of 18,000 feet has been designed and built by Bureau of Ships 

 research contractoi-s, and has become commercially available for pi-e- 

 cise ocean surveys. 



In instrumentation, Bureau of Ships supported research has pro- 

 vided aboard ship precise methods for determining the salinity of 

 seawater. 



I might add there that we also run the complete gamut of instru- 

 ments for the determination of salinity of seawater. In the nuclear 

 field we go all the way from fractions of a part per million of salinity 

 in Avater all the way up to salinity of seawater which, as you know, 

 increases the density of the water by about 2i/^ percent. 



Tliis prevents the necessity of research ships carrying tons of 

 water samples back to the laboratory for tedious analysis. This 

 instrumentation permits the oceanographer on the ship to determine 

 this variable oceanic factor while at sea, and thus to arrange his cruise 

 plan accordingly. 



An exam])le of Bureau-supported oceanographic research, which 

 was of vital impoi'tance to our war effort in World War II, was a study 

 of the fouling of ships' bottoms by barnacles and other sea life. Ke- 

 sults of this research are estimated to have reduced the Navy's total 

 fuel costs in the war by about 10 percent by reducing the drag and the 

 amount of ships' power normally needed to compensate for fouling. 



