1899. 



on Roman Defences of South-East Britain. 



37 



by an Admiral of the name of Aufidius Pantera, was found built in, 

 and, as can also be seen in the examination of the original at the 

 British Museum, it is marked with barnacles, baving been clearly 

 at one time under the sea, the suggestion being that tbe original 

 camp ( ? Hadrian's) was overwhelmed by an incursion of the sea over 

 Eomney level. 



All this points to the fact, that the original station — at any rate, 

 as far as Lemanus was concerned — was destroyed early in the Roman 

 occupation of Kent, and tbat the present existing castrum was built 

 later, wben it became necessary, in the third century, to provide a 

 series of forts to protect the coast from the Saxons. During the 

 course of some excavations I carried out in 1893 at the Portus 

 Lemauus, I obtained new confirmation of this fact and of the rela- 

 tively late foundation of tbe present castrum. This consisted in the 

 evidence of the coins discovered. I found in the concrete-boulder 

 foundation of the south wall of Lympne a coin of Maximums, who 

 flourished 237 a.d. Tbis was tbe earliest coin I discovered, and the 

 only one actually in intimate relation with the foundation. Situated, 

 as it were, in chronological order, I found at tbe foot of tbe wall, on 

 the inner side, a Gaulish coin of Tetricus the elder, of a date about 

 260, and finally in the black soil of tbe camp, i.e. in the most recent 

 and superficial layers, numerous coins of the Constantine family were 

 brought to light. Thus we have a distinct series of dates which 

 harmonise entirely with the previous conclusion. 



The state of things at the opening of our story was as follows : — 

 Walled towns or camps were established by the Roman Imperial 

 Government holding the sea at the following places along the coast, 

 beginning with the harbour creeks of Southampton, and following the 

 line of Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, round to the Wash. 



Of these originally, Richborough was the chief, but on the French 

 coast Gessoriacum, which, just at the period under discussion, was 

 rechristened Bononia, and is now called Boulogne, was, together with 

 the Sambrican port (probably the modern Etaples), the headquarters 

 of the fleet, according to M. Vaillant, our guide in the localisation 

 of the squadrons of the Roman fleet The following is a resume of 

 the fortifications : — 



Clausen turn 

 Portus Magnus 



? 

 Regnum . 

 Portus Adurni . 

 Anderida . 



? 



Portus Lemanus (Portus Novus) 

 Dubris 

 Rutupis 

 Regulbium 

 Othona 



Caraulodunum . 

 Garriononura 

 Branadunum 



Bittern-Southampton. 



Portchester. 



Rowlands Castle-Stanstead 



Chichester. 



Pevensey. 



Newenden. 



Lympne. 



Dover 



Richborough. 



Reculver. 



(Ithan) Chester 



Colchester. 



Burgh Castle (Yarii ' 



Brancaster. 



