546 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 19 60 



though not definitely established, that a similar type of construction 

 was used in Fort Berthold I. 



The digging at Fort Berthold II recovered a large number of ob- 

 jects illustrating household furnishings and utensils, tools and imple- 

 ments, and various subsistence items. In addition there were glass 

 beads, steel arrowpoints, knife blades, iron axheads, and other similar 

 items for the Indian trade. As suggested for Fort Berthold I, this 

 material will be very useful in identifying comj)arable objects from 

 Indian sites occurring elsewhere throughout the area. The entire site 

 comprising Like-a-Fishhook Village and Forts Berthold I and II is 

 now beneath the waters of the Garrison Keservoir. 



Another trading post situated some distance upstream from the 

 Fort Berthold location was also excavated. James Kipp, who had 

 been involved in the start of a trading post at Like-a-Fishhook Vil- 

 lage, had established and occupied a post during the winter of 1826-27 

 when tlie period of organized trade was just getting under way on the 

 Upper Missouri. That post apparently was the immediate predeces- 

 sor of Fort Union which became the great trade capital for that part 

 of the Plains area. The short-lived Kipp Post had consisted of a 

 stockade area enclosing several buildings. A party from the State 

 Historical Society of North Dakota was able to trace the outlines of 

 the stockade, locate the bastions, and determine the extent of the sev- 

 eral log structures which had been used by the trader. Objects re- 

 covered there represent an earlier period than those from the Fort 

 Berthold diggings and for that reason help to define more sharply 

 the periods in which different types of trade objects were employed. 

 The information from Kipp's Post will prove useful in augmenting 

 and extending that from the historic sites farther downstream. 



Just below the Oahe Dam, in the line of a large spillway, excavation 

 of the remains of Fort Pierre II resulted in the tracing of the stock- 

 ade outline and the uncovering of remnants of several structures. 

 Fort Pierre II was built in 1858 as a replacement for Fort Pierre 

 Chouteau, the American Fur Company trading post which was sold 

 to the War Department in 1855 for use as a military post during the 

 campaigns against hostile Dakota Indian groups. Because of the in- 

 creasing Indian troubles and decreasing trade. Fort Pierre II was 

 abandoned in 1863. The investigations at the site produced data on 

 construction methods, specimens illustrative of many of the materials 

 used in trade, and certain localized facts on the life and customs of 

 a mid-19th-century frontier post. 



In the Fort Randall area in South Dakota the locations of several 

 trading posts and combined trading and military forts were investi- 

 gated. One of the combined posts was Fort Hale, which probably 

 was built in the late 1870's and occupied until 1884. Several miles 



