548 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1960 



of upper Carolina. The fort was named for Charlotte Sophia, wife 

 of George III, and for a short time was garrisoned by English troops. 

 They were replaced in 1768 by a colonial detachment which was rein- 

 forced by the governor in 1774 when relations between the colonies 

 and the mother country were becommg more troublesome. On June 

 26, 1775, in the first overt act of revolution in the southern colonies, a 

 company of American Rangei-s seized the fort. It remained in Amer- 

 ican possession throughout the Revolution and unquestionably played 

 an important part in bolstering the wavering loyalties of upper 

 Carolina. 



OTHER ACTIVITIES 



In addition to the strictly archeological researches, investigations 

 have extended into related fields. During the earlier years in the 

 Missouri Basin the River Basin Surveys carried on paleontological 

 and geological studies in a large number of reservoir areas. The 

 University of Nebraska has cooperated in paleontological work in 

 Nebraska, Kansas, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Geologists from 

 the University of South Dakota have been checking on possible fossil 

 quarries at the site of the Big Bend Dam on the Missouri River near 

 Fort Thompson, S. Dak. Construction activities there have been 

 exposing deposits representing several geologic periods. River Basin 

 Surveys parties also made paleontological studies in several reservoir 

 areas in Texas. In the Glen Canyon Reservoir basin on the Upper 

 Colorado River full-scale investigations relating to the flora, fauna, 

 geology, paleontology, and ecology, as well as archeology, were under- 

 taken by the University of Utah and the Museum of Northern Arizona 

 working in cooperation with the National Park Service. Publications 

 on the results of those projects are now beginning to appear. 



A chronology program for the Missouri Basin was started in Jan- 

 uary 1958 by members of the staff of the Missouri Basin Project of 

 the River Basin Surveys in cooperation with representatives from 20 

 research institutions working in the Missouri Basin. Wood specimens 

 have been collected to provide material for intensive research in 

 dendrochronology so that master charts may be developed into which 

 archeological wood samples may be fitted. Charcoal samples for 

 radiocarbon dating have been selected on the basis of those which 

 should provide dates to fill in the gaps in the chronological frame- 

 work and aid in understanding cultural developments. There is 

 at present a series of dates extending from A.D, 1800 back to 4674 B.C. 

 After a considerable gap are the much earlier dates mentioned in 

 connection with the early hunting peoples. They are approximately 

 G900 B.C., 7420 B.C., and 8533 B.C. 



Pollen samples have been gathered preparatory to establishing a 

 fossil pollen sequence for the area. The pollen is being studied by 



