NEW V/ORLD PREHISTORY — ^WILLEY 575 



68. It is possible that such a ceremonial center as San Agustlu, in southern 

 Colombia, was, in effect, a town with concentrated ceremonial components 

 and, probably, scattered hamlet-sustaininsr populations. San Agustfn has 

 not been satisfactorily dated, but estimates have been made which would 

 place it as comparable in age to town-temple centers in Middle America and 

 Peru. See W. C. Bennett, Archaeological regions of Colombia : A ceramic 

 survey, Yale Univ. Pubis. Anthrop., vol. 30, p. 109, 1944. 



60. The town life of the Caribbean regions of Colombia and Venezuela at the 

 period of the Spanish conquest is described by J. H. Steward in Hand- 

 book of South American Indians, Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 143, vol. 5, 

 p. 71S f£., 1949. 



70. See W. C. Bennett, E. F. Bleiler, and F. H. Sommer, Northwest Argentine 



archaeology, Yale Univ. Pubis. Anthrop., vol. 3S, p. 31, 1948. 



71. See n. M. Wormington, Prehistoric Indians of the Soutliwest, Denver Mus. 



Nat. Plist., Pop. Ser. No. 7, pp. 76-102, 107-147, 1947. 



72. J. B. Griffin, Archaeology of eastern United States, Univ. Chicago Press, 



1952. fig. 20.5, estimates these events at about A.D. 900 to 1000. There are 

 indications from some parts of the southeastern United States that temple 

 mounds are much older. For example, see H. P. Newell and A. D. Krieger, 

 The George C. Davis site, Cherokee County, Texas, Soc. Amer. Archaeol. 

 Mem. No. 5, 1949, and K. P. Bullen, Florida Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 931, 

 1950, for a radiocarbon date (about A.D. 3-50) on the Kolomoki culture. 



73. See W. R. Wedel, in P. Drucker, La Venta, Tabasco, a study of Olmec 



ceramics and art, Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 153, pp. 61-65, 1952, for a 

 description of a stone-columned tomb within an earth mound at La Venta. 

 In this connection, the stone tombs covered by earth mounds at San 

 Agustin, Colombia, as described liy K. T. Preuss, Arte monumental pre- 

 historic (Escuelas Salesianas de Tipografia y Fotograbado, Bogota, 1931), 

 may be pertinent. 



74. See V. G. Childe';- criteria of city life in Town Planning Rev., vol. 21, p. 3, 



1950. 



75. Such centers, although serving as foci for the achievements of civilization, 



continue more in the form and in the homogeneous traditions of the Beards- 

 ley, Meggers, et al., "advanced nuclear centered community" (67). 



76. This kind of city, a "true" city in a modern western European sense, cor- 



responds more closely to what Beardsley, Meggers, et al. call "supra-nuclear 

 integrated" comniu}!ities (G7, pp. 145-146). 



77. See G. R. Vt^illey, Amer. Anthropologist, vol. 57, p. 571, 19.55, and in New inter- 



pretations of aboriginal American culture history, Anthrop. Soc. Wash- 

 ington, pp. 28-45, Washington, D.C., 1955; see also, S. F. de Borhegyi, 

 Middle American research records, Tulane University, New Orleans, La., 

 vol. 2, No. 6, 1959. 



78. Such features as Middle America-derived ballcourts and the casting of copper 



ornaments are well known in Hohokam archeology (see Wormington 

 (71)). 



