METEORITE CRATERS SPENCER 317 



In 1927 and 1928 Dr. Kiilik ^® was able to locate the place of the 

 fall, being led to the spot by the devastated forests. Pine trees are 

 felled radially outwards for a distance of GO kilometers (IjT miles) 

 from the center, the area of devastation covering several thousand 

 square kilometers. A fourth expedition was made in 1929-30, when 

 Dr. Kulik spent 20 months at the locality, but his new results are not 

 yet published. He has, however, generously imparted some of the 

 information,^^ and I have to thank him for a long letter of Septem- 

 ber 1932 and several photographs. 



The spot is on the watershed between the streams Khushmo and 

 Kimchu, which flow respectively into the Chambe and Chunya, both 

 tributaries of the Podkamennaya (Stony) Tunguska, at C0°55' N., 

 101°57' E.^® The nearest settlement is Vanovara, on the Stony 

 Tunguska, 80 kilometers to the southeast. The center of the fallen 

 forest is near the southern limit of permanently frozen ground, 

 which is here at a depth of half a meter. In winter there is a half 

 meter covering of snow, and the minimum temperature recorded in 

 December 1929 was minus 56° C. In summer it is a region of peat 

 bogs and mosquitoes. The rocks of the region are fine-grained and 

 coarse basalts overlain by glacial deposits and peat. Only on the 

 hills are rock exposures occasionally seen. 



In the swamp are numerous round depressions — 10 ace ording to 

 some accounts and 200 according to another — ranging in diameter 

 from 10 to 50 meters and up to 4 meters in depth. Around the area 

 of these " craters " the peat is thrown into concentric ridges. A 

 trench cut through one of these ridges showed contorted folds of 

 peat, clay, and ice. Three borings were made to a depth of 31.5 

 meters at the edge and in the center of one of the round depressions. 

 Under the covering of peat there was permanently frozen clay down 

 to 25 meters, and below that a sandy deposit wliich was not 

 penetrated. 



Kulik, L. A., On tho connexion of meteorites mid comets. n)id., vol. 15, pp. 173-176 

 [Russian], pp. 177-178 [English], 1026. Les ra^^t^orltes du '.iO jnin 1908 et I'orbite de la 

 comfete I'ons-Wiuneke [Russian]. C.R.Acad. Scl. U.R.S.S., ser. A, pp. 185-188, 1026. Here 

 is also described the fait of a meteoric stone of 1.0 kg. at Kagarlyk, 60 km. from Kiev, 

 Russia, at 7 a.m. on June :iO, IOCS. The Slljcrian fall was at Oh. 15m. (G.M.T.) on the 

 same da. v. 



"Kulik, L. A., Siir I'histoiro du bolide du .SO Juin 1908. C. R. Acad. Sci. 

 U.R.S.S., ser. A, pp. 393-398, 1927. Sur la chute de la m6t6orite " Poilkamennaja 

 Tunguska 1908." Ibid., pp. 309-402, with sketch map. AufBndung des tunguslschen 

 Riesenmeteors vom 30 Juni 1908. Peternianns Mitt., 1928. vol. 74, pp. 338-341, with 

 sketch map, 1928. [Translation from Krasnoyar.sli Workers' News of Aug. 9, 1027.] A 

 notice of this appeared in the Googr. .Tourn., vol. 73, p. 296, 1029. Abstracts of these 

 papers and of all other recent literature on meteorite craters are given in Mineralogical 

 Abstracts issued with the Mineralogical Magazine. Mln. Abstr., vol. 5, p. 302, 1933. 



An', primary anus; lipr, blastopore; Mth' , primary mouth. 



" Crowther, .1. G., More about the great Siberian meteorite. Scientific American, vol. 

 144, pp. 314-317, V) tigs., 1031. Osiris and the Atom, pp. 23-39, 4 flgs., London, 1932. 



Olivier, C. P., Comets, pp. 198-205, 2 pis., London, 1930. 



"These differ from the latitude and longitude previously stated. In his letter of 

 September 0, 10.';2, Dr. Kulik gives the po.sjtion of " Mount Farrington," determined by 

 him astronomically in 1929, as <t> 00°54'58.98". X 101°56'59.79". 



