398 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 19 42 



layouts to the south and west. In these sections the gridiron was 

 abandoned for a freer pattern, shot through with diagonal avenues, 

 making "stars" and "round points" in the manner of Paris. Some 

 of the new main streets had been country roads. Others included a 

 broad avenue leading from the original plaza to and beyond the 

 governor's mansion, an imposing edifice of this period standing in a 

 park on the breezy bluff above Bernard Cove (pi. 3, upper left). 



The extended city incorporated two or three African villages ; and 

 for some years the thatched huts of the indigenes, close-clustered in 

 asymmetrical African fashion, continued to mingle conspicuously with 

 the regular blocks of masonry houses put up by the government for 

 its officials or by the trading and shipping companies for their ad- 

 ministrators and with the less pretentious frame habitations of 

 humbler white people. In places the commingling still exists. 



During this time most of the remaining Goree merchants moved 

 to Dakar. In the first decade of the new century port business 

 increased threefold. External connections improved. Additional 

 shipping companies made the place a port of call. A cable to France 

 was laid. A direct railroad line to connect with the upper Niger 

 River was begun. 



DAKAR COME OF AGE 



The first World War put a stop to government expeditures on 

 Dakar and checked nearly all development. Afterwards a new stage 

 of occupance was inaugurated by a long series of public works ac- 

 companied by extensive private undertakings. 



WATER SUPPLY AND OTHER SANITATION 



In all tropical African stations the safeguarding of health is the 

 most important and difficult obligation of the European government. 

 In semiarid and ever-growing Dakar shortage of water has continu- 

 ously complicated the problems of sanitation and health. In the 

 hope of finding an assured supply a thorough hydrographic survey 

 of the peninsula was made. No deep-seated sources were discovered. 

 Instead, the dune-tapping system was extended. At Hann, on which 

 Goree had always depended for its supplementary supply, more 

 water was found at a depth of 30 meters. An even more copious 

 store was disclosed behind the village, along a line of rather high 

 fixed dunes, on one of which stands Fort B. These dune sponges are 

 about 6 kilometers from Dakar. Twenty kilometers out, at M'Bao, 

 a similar site has been developed and tied into the system. Additional 

 supplies exist in the dunes that run from Rufisque northeast to 

 Sangalkam. These are used only to serve Rufisque. Neolithic man, 

 African indigenes, passing European ships, and the European settle- 



