PERMAFROST — BLACK 295 



face of the earth. Then, possibly, criteria can be set up to evaluate 

 within practical limits the effect of various structures and materials 

 on the dissipating surface of the earth. The complexities of geology 

 (lithology, structure, and texture of soils and rock), hydrology, vege- 

 tation, and climate of the Arctic make the solution a formidable task 

 but the research an intriguing problem for all earth scientists. 



REFERENCES 



Anderson, Alfred B. C, et ax. 



1942. Soil-moisture conditions and phenomena in frozen soils. Trans. Amer. 



Geophys. Union, 1942, pt. 2, pp. 356-371. 



BARNES, LTNN C. 



1946. Permafrost, a challenge to engineers. Military Eng., vol. 38, No. 243, 

 pp. 9-11. 

 BiEcH, Francis. 



1948. The effects of Pleistocene climatic variations upon geothermal gradi- 



ents. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 246, No. 12, pp. 729-760. 

 Black, R. F., and Baj?ksdale, W. L. 



1949. Oriented lakes of northern Alaska. Journ. Geol., vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 



105-118. 

 Bryan, Kirk. 



1946a. Cryopedology, the study of frozen ground and intensive frost-action 

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 1946b. Permanently frozen ground. Military Eng., vol. 38, No. 246, p. 168. 



1948. The study of permanently frozen ground and intensive frost-action. 



Military Eng., vol. 40, No. 273, pp. 304-308 ; discussion, pp. 305-308. 



1949. The geologic implications of cryopedology. Journ. Geol., vol. 57, No. 2, 



pp. 101-104. 

 Bryan, Kirk, and Albritton, C. C, Jr. 



1943. Soil phenomena as evidence of climatic changes. Amer. Journ. Sci., 



vol. 241, No. 8, pp. 469-490. 

 Cailleux, Andre. 



*1948. Etudes de cryop^dologie. Exp6d. Arct., Sec. Sci. Natur., pp. 1-67. 

 Cederstrom, D. J. 



[1948]. Ground-water data for Fairbanks, Alaska. Manuscript on open 

 file, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 

 Chaney, R. W., and Mason, H. L. 



1936. A Pleistocene flora from Fairbanks, Alaska. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 

 Nov. No. 887, 17 pp. 

 Chekotillo, a. M. 



1946. The underground storage places in the permanently frozen ground. 

 Priroda, vol. 11, pp. 27-32. (Translation by E. A. Golomshtok in 

 Stefansson Library.) 

 Conrad, V. 



1946. Polygon nets and their physical development. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 

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•Articles that are. comprehensive in scope or that contain extensive bibliographies are marked by asterisk, 

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