ECONOMIC USES OF LICHENS — LLANO 



409 



and orseilles of the sea (B), with the most important marked by an 

 asterisk (16) : 



Dye lichens and their sources 



Locality 



Species 



Pyr^n^es, Alps, C6vennes 

 (France). 



Auvergne (France) 



Sweden 



Norway 



Canary Islands (Atlantic Ocean) 



Madeira (Atlantic Ocean) 



Mogador (North Africa?) 



Manila (Gor^e) (Philippine Is- 

 lands) . 

 Sardinia (Mediterranean) 



Angola (Africa) 



Valparaiso (South America) 



Ten6rife (Canary Islands) 



Mozambique (East Africa) 



Madagascar (Indian Ocean) 



California (North America) 



Cape Verde Islands (Atlantic 

 Ocean), 



Pertusaria dealbata Cromb. 



Lecanora parella Ach. 

 Lecanora tartarea (L.) Ach. 

 Umbilicaria pustulata (L.) HoflFm. 



and other Umbilicaria sp. 

 Roccella tinctoria Lam. & DC. 

 Roccella tinctoria Lam. & DC. 

 Roccella tinctoria Lam. & DC, 



Ramalina scopulorum Ach., and 



others. 

 Roccella portentosa Mont. 



Roccella phycopsis Ach., Roccella 



tinctoria Lam. & DC. 

 Roccella Montagnei B61. 

 Roccella portentosa Mont. 

 Roccella tinctoria Lam. & DC. 

 Roccella Montagnei Bel. 

 Roccella Montagnei B61. 

 Dendrographa leucophaea (Tuck.) 



Darb. 

 Roccella tinctoria Lam. & DC. 



Importers of old were always reluctant to disclose the origin of 

 their best supplies, but R. titwtoria of the Cape and South America 

 was "6-8 inches long and as thick as goosequills" and so regarded 

 highly by the dye merchants (13). In 1750 the Cape Verde and 

 Canary Islands exported 100 tons annually to England. By 1818 the 

 cost had jumped from £40 to £200 per ton, depending on the quality, 

 but in 1886, with a stable supply from Ceylon where R. tijictoria grows 

 abundantly on palms, the price settled at £50 per ton. Specimens of 

 R. fuclformis DC. were exhibited at the London Crystal Palace in 

 1851, at which time the price quoted was £380 per ton. The latest 

 figures available list the importation of tanning and dyestuffs into 

 England for 1935 (13) as annatto, 837,919 pounds; brazilwood, 

 854,581 pounds; lichen dyestuffs, 411,265 pounds. 



The chemical components of lichen dyes were not understood in the 

 early development of the lichen dye industry. The method of pre- 

 paring the dye and its application was traditionally maintained by 

 small groups as close trade secrets. The accessibility of new sources 

 of the raw material did not necessarily affect these secrets, for the 

 lichen dye had first to be prepared. The article of commerce was in 



