The Ii('oi/n//>ii^s of . lii/rrica/i Sn'rnrc. 447 



the Northwestern Territory, especially the region aronnd the Great 

 Lakes and the sources of the Mississippi. This was under charge of 

 General Lewis Cass, at that time governor of Michigan Territory. Henry 

 R. Schoolcraft accompanied this expedition as mineralogist, and Captain 

 D. B. Douglass, U. S. A., as topographical engineer; and both of these 

 sent home considerable collectit)ns reported upon by the specialists of the 

 day. Cass himself, though better known as a .statesman, was a man of 

 scientific tastes and ability, and his Inquiries respecting the History, 

 Traditions, Languages, etc., of the Indians, published at Detroit in 1823, 

 is a work of high merit. 



Long's expeditions into the far West were also in progress at this 

 time, under the direction of the General Government; the first, or Rocky 

 Mountain, exploration in 1819-20; the second to the .sources of the St. 

 Peter's, in 1823. In the first expedition Major Long was accompanied 

 by PxUvin James as botanist and geologi.st, who also wrote the Narrative 

 published in 1823. The second expedition was accompanied by William 

 H. Keating, professor of mineralogy and chemistry in the University of 

 Penns>lvania, who was its geologist and hi.storiographer. vSay was the 

 zoologist of both explorations. De Schweinitz worked up the botanical 

 material which he collected. 



The English expeditions .sent to Arctic North America under the com- 

 mand of vSir John Franklin were also out during these years, the first 

 from 1819 to 1822, the second from 1825 to 1827, and yielded many 

 important results. To naturalists the}' have an especial interest, because 

 Sir John Richardson, who accompanied Franklin as .surgeon and naturalist, 

 was one of the most eminent and successful zoological explorers of the 

 centur}^ and had more to do with the development of our natural history 

 than any other man not an American. 



His natural hi-stor}' papers in Franklin's reports, 1823 and 1828, his 

 Fauna Boreali Americana, publi.shed between 1827 and 1836, his report 

 upon the Zoology of North America, are all among the classics of our 

 zoological literature.' 



The third decade was somewhat marked by a renewal of interest in 

 zoology and botany, which had, during the few preceding years, been 

 rather overshadowed by geology and mineralogy. 



Rafine.sque had retired to Kentucky, where, from his professor's chair 

 in Transylvania Univer.sity, he was issuing his Annals of Nature and his 

 Western Minerva; and his brilliancy being dimmed by distance, other 

 .students of animals had a chance to work. 



One of the most noteworthy of the workers was Thomas vSay [b. 1787, 

 d. 1834] , who was a pioneer in several departments of .systematic zoology. 

 A kin.sman of the Bartram's, he .spent many of his boyhood days in the 

 old botanic garden at King.sessing, in company with the old naturalist, 



' See Rev. John Mcllwraith's Life of Sir John Richardson, C. B., LL. D. I^ndon, 



1S6S. Also Obituary in lyondon Reader, 1S65, p. 707. 



