SCIENCE, ART, AND EDUCATION — GIBSON 



173 



The foregoing discussion is summarized graphically in figure 1, 

 where the incentives and objectives of the sciences and the arts are 

 given. The right-hand column represents the useful arts, whose in- 

 centives are the realization of a need or a market, the desirability of a 

 new luxury, or the urgency of a new weapon of defense. Its methods 

 are purely empirical, the work of the expert and the inventor. Its 

 objectives are commodities or other tangible products for use or orna- 

 ment that appeal directly to the emotions. The byproducts of the 

 arts are new facts, new materials or techniques, or new problems. 

 The practice of useful arts is a clear-cut human activity whose utility 

 is apparent and whose definition is relatively easy. On the left-hand 

 side is a column representing pure science, a private activity whose 



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OBSERVATIONS Of 



NATURAL, LABORATORY i 

 OR INDUSTRIAL 

 PHENOMENA 



J 



NEEDS OF SOClETr, 



MARKETS, MILITARY 



AND ECONOMIC 



PROBLEMS 



NEEDS OF SOCIETY, 



MARKETS, MILITARY 



AND ECONOMIC 



PROBLEMS 



PURE RESEARCH 



RIGOROUS 



SCIENTIFIC 



INDUCTION AND 



DEDUCTION 



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BY-PRODUCTS 



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TECHNIQUES, 

 DATA, NEW 

 MATERIALS, 

 OAOStTS 



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PRINCIPAL 

 OBJECTIVES 



UNDERSTANDING 



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NEW MATERIALS, 



AND SYSTEMS. 



NEW 



PHENOMENA 





PHENOMENA 



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NEW MATERIALS, 

 COMMODITIES, TOOLS, 

 WEAPONS, GADGETS 



Figure 1. — Relationship between pure and applied science and the arts. 



incentives lie in the desires of individuals to widen human experience 

 by the collection of new facts or in the curiosity of individuals to 

 explain new phenomena. Its chief product is understanding. The 

 methods of pure scientific research involve, first, the establishment of 

 the validity of the experience involved, i. e., the establishment of 

 scientific facts, and second, the fitting of these facts into satisfying 

 patterns (theories) to achieve comprehension, understanding, and 

 power of prediction. 



Although I have labeled new substances, new instruments, new 

 techniques, etc., as "byproducts" in order to simplify our definitions, 

 I do not underestimate their importance. Indeed, they are part of a 

 very important closed circuit. In order to extend and integrate their 

 patterns, to make them more and more satisfying, scientists have 



