SCIENCE, ART, AND EDUCATION — GIBSON 199 



analyzed and fitted into structures that may be communicated exactly 

 to others. 



INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 



In the foregoing discussions we have devoted much of our attention 

 to the far-reaching consequences of the growth of natural philosophy 

 on the material aspects of human life. It has increased beyond meas- 

 ure our ability to control and use the physical world. In this direction, 

 the history of the last three centuries has been one of accelerating and 

 inspiring progress. However, we have also noted certain elements 

 which indicate that this progress has not been completely satisfying. 

 The modern search for the kinship of science and the creative arts, 

 the real concern that universities and other centers of scientific thought 

 are becoming excessively preoccupied with the applications of science, 

 and the consciousness that the communications between science and 

 the general public require strengthening, all point to a feeling of un- 

 easiness, of dissatisfaction with the purely material objectives of 

 science. When we link such considerations with the present chaotic 

 state of human and international relations, we are convinced that our 

 progress in understanding and using the physical world is out of 

 phase with other aspects of intellectual and spiritual development. It 

 is perhaps timely to survey the scene from a mountaintop and readjust 

 our perspective. 



Deeply ingrained in all religions, and in most systems of philosophy, 

 is the concept of the dual nature of man. He is a material being who 

 must derive his security and comfort from mastery of the physical 

 world ; he also has a spiritual and intellectual nature which tirelessly 

 seeks to transcend material things, which seeks to know why things 

 are as they are and which seeks to create a world in its own image. 

 The interdependence of the material and the transcendental is one of 

 the bafiiing complexities in philosophy. Now it is also agreed by all 

 religions and most philosophies that, if man is to fulfill his destiny, 

 he must place his primary emphasis on reaching out for the tran- 

 scendental and his secondary emphasis on concern for the material 

 welfare of his fellows and himself. This is expressed clearly by the 

 order of the Ten Commandments and by the Christian epitome of the 

 Law and the Prophets, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all 

 thy heart, with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy 

 strength. This is the first and great commandment and the second is 

 like unto it, thou shalt love they neighbor as thyself." 



Being a human activity, science reflects this duality in the nature 

 of man, and the scientist can approach the problems of the physical 

 world with two objectives in mind. He can give his allegiance to the 

 transcendental and, in order to satisfy his intellectual and esthetic 



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