368 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 194 7 



to leave largely out of consideration that represented by Anau which 

 calls for more supporting material as the survey of northern Iran is 

 pursued by undertakings like that of Krogman on Tepe Hissar. 



To begin with the westernmost of our centers, Crete (although ad- 

 mitting that it is doubtfully entitled to a primary position) , we find 

 it generally agreed that the physical type of its inhabitants was what 

 has been called Mediterranean, dark and dolichocephalic. This was 

 partially displaced and its culture overthrown by a brachy cephalic, 

 Armenoid type connected with the Alpines of Europe. These brachy- 

 cephalic people constituted one of the chief Greek strains, and the 

 partial substitution of one for the other shows that both are capable 

 of supporting high civilizations. 



Most of the ancient Egyptians were dolichocephalic. The brain 

 cases of the predynastic Tasians and Merimdeans are said to have 

 been wide. Those of the Badarians, Amratians, and Natufians, who 

 succeeded them, were narrow. The Badarians are also said to have 

 had just a hint of the Negroid or South Indian about them. In the 

 dynastic period a larger and more robust but still dolichocephalic type 

 makes its appearance in the royal tombs, and during the epoch of the 

 third dynasty a brachycephalic Armenoid type becomes prominent 

 among the upper classes. Petrie distinguishes as many as six racial 

 types among the enemies and followers of Menes. The earliest Sume- 

 rian skeletal remains suggest a long-headed type, and two long-headed 

 types have been found at Kish, but at that site there also appear 

 Armenoids. These last were probably contributed by the Hurrian 

 or Japhetic population. Our knowledge of the physical types con- 

 nected with the Indus culture is thus summarized by Childe : 



The population of Mohenjo-daro was certainly mixed; the slceletal remains 

 and figurines undoubtedly belong to several physically distinct types. At the 

 bottom of the social scale came a primitive Australoid stock ; the thicic lips and 

 coarse nose of a little bronze statuette disclose at once the Isinship of this group 

 to the surviving aboriginal tribes of Southern India and the position which it, 

 like its modern representatives, occupied in the community. A higher type, 

 long-headed like the last, has been termed Eurafrican or even Mediterranean. 

 It seems to approximate to one of the long-headed Sumerian types and the 

 similarity is accentuated in the portrait statues by the beard, shaven upper lip, 

 and long hair done up in a bun behind quite in Sumerian fashion. Thirdly, a 

 brachycephalic Alpine or Armenoid type is represented as at Kish in Akkad. 

 Finally, a single skeleton and several clay figurines belong to undoubted Mongols 

 or Mongoloids, the earliest dated examples of this racial type yet detected. 



It is a fair guess that the people mainly responsible for Indus 

 civilization were Eurafricans, and if we are to associate vitality as 

 civilization producers with physical type, the dolichocephalic people 

 usually called Mediterraneans would seem to have most of the facts 

 in their favor since they vastly predominated in Crete, in Egypt, at 

 the head of the Persian Gulf, and probably in the Indus Valley. How- 



