320 Lord Tweeddale on Birds from 



apparently confined to Java, Celebes, and the Sula Islands ; 

 and C. annectens, Briiggemann, ex Celebes (Abhandl. natur- 

 wissenschaft. Ver. Bremen, p. 64. no. 89), is not of the same 

 type as C. enca. C. corax, apud Raffles (/. c), has been re- 

 ferred by Wagler, Schlegel, and others to C. macrorhynchus ; 

 bnt there is no evidence whatever that that species inhabits 

 Sumatra, and it is much more probable that Sir Stamford 

 alluded to C. valiclus. Blyth (Ibis, 1870, p. 171) made the 

 extraordinary identification of C. macrorhynchus, Temm., with 

 C. culminatus, Sykes. In the Javan bird the bill is full three 

 inches in length, and the basal portion of the body-plumage 

 is pure white. Mr. Blyth has also stated that C. culminatus 

 extends to Malacca (Cat. Calc. Mus. p. 89. no. 448 ; Ibis, 

 1863, p. 368), and that there also occurs C. macrorhynchus, 

 Vieillof^. This last species Mr. Blyth identified with C. 

 tenuirostris, Moore, ex Bombay, but which Mr. Blyth (/. c.) 

 asserts Avas founded on a Malaccan skin. Two Malaccan 

 examples (mus. nostr.) belong to C. ienuirosiris ; and I am 

 not prepared ofi'-hand to identify them with C. validus. Their 

 chief character is the form of the bill. In C. tmlidus the 

 bill gradually and regularly diminishes from the base to the 

 apex, and is much bulged tliroughout the course of the com- 

 missure. The culmen is rather acute than broad and 

 rounded, and the height of the bill is considerable t- In C. 

 tenuirostris the bill is longer, very much compressed, and 

 flattened on the sides ; the culmen is broad and rounded, and 

 not acute. The height is also less, 0'70 as against 0'91. 

 The length of the gonys is greater. In colouring, the lower 

 plumage is of a more ashy tint ; and the general dimensions 

 are less. The base of the feathers is white, as in C. validus. 

 The British Museum possesses examples of C. tenuirostris 

 from both Borneo (Banj ar massing and Labuan) and Sumatra. 



* What is C. macrorhynchus^ Vieillot ? I cannot find that Vieillot ever 

 bestowed such a title, although Jerdon, Bljth, and Bonaparte have all 

 used it. Mr. Blyth is clearly referring to C. valiclus; for later (Ibis, 1870, 

 p. 171) he identified C. temiirostris with C. validus. 



t The contour of the bill of C. validus is very much that of C. levail- 

 lanti (C. culminatus) ; but the culmen is not quite so much arched. 



